Lub philosophy ntawm positivism: lub tswvyim, daim ntawv, nta

Positivism nyob rau hauv philosophy yog ib tug ntawm cov kab ntawm kev xav. Nws yug los nyob rau hauv 30-40 xyoo. lub xyoo pua xeem, thiab nws tus tsim yog suav tias yog Ogyust Kont. Qhov no kev taw qhia yog dav nrov thiab ntau nyob rau hauv lub neej tshiab nimno era. Cov nram qab no yog nws yooj yim rau daim ntawv.

Lub philosophy ntawm positivism

Ntsiab cov neeg sawv cev: Comte, Spencer, Zeb thiab lwm tus neeg.

Raws li Comte xam tau tias yog nws tus kheej lub plaub idealists thiab materialists meaningless vim hais tias nws twb tsis muaj loj heev yog vim li cas. Ib tug philosophy yuav tsum tau, thiab stepping rau ntawm txhua lwm yam thiab, raws li tsuas yog nyob rau scientific (positive) paub.

Qhov no daim ntawv qhia txhais tau tias:

1. Paub yuav kiag li txhim khu kev qha thiab yog.

2. Yuav kom ua tau qhov kev paub ntawm philosophy yog yuav tsum tau siv lub scientific method ntawm cognition, lub ntsiab txoj kev tau tias - nws yog ib qho empirical soj.

3. Lub philosophy yog mus koom rau hauv kev tshawb fawb tsuas mus rau qhov tseeb thiab tsis lawv ua, thiab yuav siv zog ua sverhnaukoy, "tus huab tais ntawm sciences," general theoretical outlook.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, Comte npaj ib tug kev cai lij choj nyob rau hauv dual evolution. Nws pom tias peb theem ntawm kev loj hlob (tsoos, pre-industrial thiab muaj haiv neeg), uas sib tau peb theem ntawm kev txawj ntse loj hlob (kev cai dab qhuas los yog ntuav, lub metaphysical thiab lub scientific worldview). Txawm li cas los, tsuas yog cov me nyuam yaus tau tso positivism Comte, uas yog ntxiv tuaj, supplemented thiab mus txuas ntxiv tsim vim hais tias ntawm lwm yam philosophers rau hnub no.

Lub philosophy ntawm positivism: Empiric

Ntsiab cov neeg sawv cev: Mach, Avenarius.

Ntawm no yog lub ntsiab hauj lwm ntawm philosophy yog tsis txhob tsim ib tug tag nrho-embracing system ntawm empirical paub, thiab cov creation ntawm scientific kev txawj ntse nyob rau hauv qhov kev tshawb xav. Tsis zoo li Comte, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm no theem ntseeg hais tias nws yog tsim nyog los hais tsis yog ib tug unified daim duab ntawm peb lub ntiaj teb, thiab lub tsev lag luam ntawm tej ntsiab cai thiab ordering phenomena nyob rau hauv lub minds ntawm kev soj ntsuam.

Lub npe "Empiric" implies thuam ntawm lub ntiaj teb no txog kev ua ib tug muab kev paub txog kev kawm nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov nqe lus thiab hais. Qhov kev positivism yog zoo txuam nrog conservatism, raws li uas tus general scientific hauv paus ntsiab lus yog cov khoom ntawm lub zwj ceeb daim ntawv cog lus.

Lub philosophy ntawm positivism: neo

Ntsiab cov neeg sawv cev: Carnap, Bertrand, Schlick, Russell.

Lwm lub npe rau ntawm no theem - zajlus kom positivism. Nws founders tshaj tawm hais tias nws lub hom phiaj lub tawm tsam nrog cov metaphysical worldview. Cov pib premise yog paub txog qhov tseeb lawv tau pom nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb thiab cov txheej xwm, los yog "kev txiav txim zoo cov ntaub ntawv." Cov kev xav ntawm "objectivity" tau raug hloov los ntawm lub tswvyim ntawm "kev" raws li tus neeg. Nws yog ib qhov theem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm positivism pib logic, uas kawm complex cov nqe lus, uas yuav ua tau yog tsis muaj tseeb los yog muaj tseeb, los yog meaningless.

Cov kev kawm ntawm tsom xam neopositivists ua lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov cim thiab cov lus nyob rau hauv Feem ntau, yog hais tias, lus, muaj kuab, puas siab puas ntsws teeb meem, uas tau ib qho tseem ceeb cov tswv yim thiab kev tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv cov creation ntawm laij pab kiag li lawm.

Lub philosophy ntawm positivism: postpositivism

Ntsiab cov neeg sawv cev: Lakatos, Kuhn, Popper, Feyerbend.

Nyob rau hauv postpositivism to taub ntau lub tswv yim uas muaj emerged txij thaum Comte cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm empirio-thuam thiab neo. Kev mloog yog them cov neeg sawv cev ntawm no theem ntawm muaj kuab txoj kev ntawm kev txawj ntse.

Yog li, raws li Popper, qhov kev nce rau ntawm kev txawj ntse muaj peev xwm tsuas ua tau tiav nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm muaj kuab sib tham raws li lub qhov thuam ntawm uas twb muaj lawm ntiaj teb no. Nws kuj sib cav hais tias zaum ua discoveries los ntawm nram qab no tsis yog los ntawm qhov tseeb rau kev tshawb xav, ib tug hypothesis mus rau ib tug ib daim ntawv qhia.

Positivism raws li ib tug philosophical sib tau muaj ib tug tseem ceeb feem nyob rau vib this los ntawm ob qho tib si kev sib raug zoo thiab tej yam ntuj tso sciences (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem).