Lub npe ntawm aircraft. Ib suam ntawm aircraft, lawv hom thiab cov ntaub ntawv

Aviation keeb kwm paub zoo heev loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov ya cov khoom ntawm ntau hom thiab hom. Tag nrho cov aircraft npe yog tsis zoo li mus txawm daim ntawv teev. Txawm li cas los, qhov yooj yim qauv encompass heev tiag tiag. Cia peb kawm yuav ua li cas yuav ua rau aircraft kev faib tawm, lawv hom, hom, cov npe kuj xav txog.

lub npe

Cia wb mus saib daim ntawv teev cov npe ntawm lub ntsiab txawv teb chaws aircraft manufacturers nyob rau hauv alphabetical thiaj. Daim ntawv qhia tau hais tias yuav ua li cas tam sim no uas twb muaj lawm lub tuam txhab thiab abolished:

• Aérospatiale (Fabkis).
• Airbus (EU).
• Boeing (US).
• British Aerospace (UK).
• British Aircraft (United Kingdom).
• Heinkel (lub teb chaws Yelemees).
• Junkers (lub teb chaws Yelemees).
• McDonnell Douglas (TEB CHAWS USA).
• Messerschmitt (lub teb chaws Yelemees).

Npe nyob rau hauv alphabetical aircraft ua nyob rau hauv lub USSR thiab post-Soviet lub teb chaws, muaj li nram no:

• Ib tug (Antonov).
• Thiab (Polikarpov).
• Yl (Iliushin).
• La (Lavochkin).
• LaGG (Lavochkin, Gorbunov, Gudkov).
• Lee (Lisunov).
• MIG (Mikoyan thiab Gurevich).
• By (Polikarpov).
• Cy (qhuav).
• Tu (Tupolev).
• Yak (Yakovlev).

Yuav ua li cas faib cov dav hlau?

Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, nrhiav seb yog dab tsi yog cov dav hlau. Lub npe ntawm cov ya hom kev kawm yuav tham txog ntau yam, tab sis lub kev faib yuav qhia rau peb ntxiv. Raws li cov aircraft yog txwv kom muab zais? Ua rau nram qab no tsis:

• rau lo lus uas peb;
• ceev;
• Cov xyaw;
• ntaus xyaw;
• ntaus chassis;
• luj;
• tooj uas muaj tis;
• fuselage loj;
• hom ntawm kev tswj;
• daim ntawv takeoff.

Tam sim no peb yuav tsum sib tham txog ib co ntawm cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv ntau yam.

Classification los ntawm lub hom phiaj

Nws yog suav hais tias yog feem ntau. Rau qhov ntsuas no, tag nrho cov aircraft deyalsya rau hauv ob qho loj hom: tub rog thiab pej xeem. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, txhua tus ntawm cov pawg muaj muaj division rau hauv me me pawg.

Nyob rau hauv raws li cov kev muaj nuj nqi ntawm lub warplanes txwv kom muab zais rau hauv cov nram no cov tub ntxhais no: bomber, interceptor aircraft, huab cua fighters, nres dav hlau, ua tub rog thauj ships, fighter-bombers thiab scouts.

Lub Civil Aviation rau davhlau pab kiag li lawm yog muab faib mus rau hauv lub nram no: cov neeg nrog caij, ua liaj ua teb av, thauj, ncej, sim, thiab lwm yam ...

bombers

Lub bomber hauj lwm yog los defeat lub hom phiaj ntawm uas yog nyob rau hauv av. Lawv ua li no los ntawm kev siv tej tawg hem thiab cuaj luaj.

Tam sim no cia tus nrhiav kom paub cov npe ntawm cov tub rog aircraft. Cov bomber yuav paub qhov txawv xws qauv domestic raug: Su-24, TU-160, SU-34. Thaum lub sij hawm ob ntiaj teb rog nyiam ib tug tshwj xeeb lub koob npe nrov domestic bomber Pe-2. Tab sis tus thawj yuav tsum tau hu ua tus naas ej "Ilya Muromets" - cov creation ntawm lub zoo designer Igorya Sikorskogo. Qhov no unit coj tawm rau thawj lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv cov huab cua raws li thaum ntxov raws li 1913. Nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb ua ntej ua tsov ua rog era nws twb hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv ib tug bomber. Aircraft "Ilya Muromets" kuj siv thaum lub sij hawm lub Civil War.

Cov txawv teb chaws tsheb yuav txawv niaj hnub American bombers Northrop B-2 Ntsuj Plig, XB-70 Valkyrie, Rockwell B-1 Lancer, B-2, B-52 Stratofortress, US-ua dav hlau 30s Boeing B-17 thiab Martin B- 10 German bombers thaum lub sij hawm thib ob ntiaj teb ua tsov rog, Junkers Ju 86 thiab Heinkel Nws 111.

fighters

Lub ntsiab hauj lwm ntawm cov pab kiag li lawm yog yuav ua kom puas aircraft thiab lwm yam khoom uas muaj nyob rau hauv cov huab cua.

Cov npe ntawm fighters cov kws muaj txuj tub rog affairs, dhau lawm, yuav hais tias ib tug ntau. Feem ntau cov paub Soviet qauv ntawm lub ntiaj teb no ua tsov ua rog II - lagg-3, I-15 bis, Mig-3, I-16, I-153, Yak-1. Nyob rau hauv tib era muaj yeej lub ntiaj teb no renown German Bf.109 dav hlau, Bf.110 thiab Fw 190, raws li tau zoo raws li reactive Me.262, Me.163 Komet thiab Nws 162 Volksjager.

Ntawm cov Soviet fighters tom qab lub sij hawm yuav tsum tau ua Mig-31, Su-27 thiab Mig-29. Tam sim no, lub ntuj uas muaj cov niaj hnub Lavxias teb sab aircraft. Lawv cov npe yog paub zoo nyob rau hauv lub kos duab aircraft. Qhov no tiam ntawm fighters 4 ++ Su-35 thiab Mig-35.

Kawm American qauv faib thawj-tiam fighter nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no tus xov tooj tsib lub Boeing F-22, raws li zoo raws li cov ua ntej lawm qauv F-4 thiab F-15 Dav dawb hau.

Fighter-bomber

Lawv muab cov kev khiav dej num ntawm cov thawj ob pawg ntawm aircraft peb tau piav. Hais tias yog, ua kom puas raws li huab cua thiab hauv av lub hom phaj.

Tus thawj fighter-bombers no yog German Me.262, ib tug hloov qauv ntawm lub British fighter Supermarine Spitfire, De Havilland Yoov Tshaj Cum, thiab cov Soviet Yak-9.

Ntawm cov niaj hnub dav hlau aircraft yuav tsum faib domestic Mig-23B thiab Su-17M thiab Mig-27 thiab lub American qauv F-105.

interceptors

Lawv yog ib tug cov subspecies ntawm fighters, tsim los ua kom puas yeeb ncuab bombers. Tsis zoo li cov pa fighter aircraft, nws yog txawm peem rau nrog ib tug haib radar khoom.

Cov Soviet interceptor paub aircraft nram qab no npe: SU-15, SU-9, Tu-128, Yak-28, Mig-25. American qauv yuav xaiv F-16 thiab F-14 Grumman. Tsis tas li ntawd lub ntiaj teb nto moo Japanese aircraft Mitsubishi F-2 thiab cov British interceptor Panavia Tornado ADV.

stormtroopers

Lawv ua hauj lwm yog los pab txhawb av rog nrog cua.

Lub nto moo tshaj plaws ntiaj teb ua tsov ua rog II-era nres aircraft yog xam tau tias yog cov dav hlau IL-2 thiab IL-10. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, zoo ib yam li tus nrog sib ntaus apparatus thov Hs 129 thiab Ju 87. Ntawm cov niaj hnub nres aircraft yuav tsum muab sau ua ke rau hauv lub npe SU-25 aircraft, F / A-18, A-10.

Tub rog thauj tsheb

Lub ntsiab hauj lwm uas ua tub rog thauj aircraft yog qhov tus me nyuam ntawm cov tub rog cargo thiab cov neeg ua.

Aircraft ntawm no hauv chav kawm ntawv, uas yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub lag luam ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation Armed Forces yog IL-76, IB-26, IB-124 thiab IB-12. Cov American analogues yuav tsum faib Douglas YC-15, Boeing C-17, Boeing C-97 thiab Boeing E-8.

neeg nrog caij dav hlau

Review of Civil Aviation ua qauv yuav pib nrog lawv. Qhov no hom ntawm huab cua tsheb, raws li lub npe implies, tsim los nqa coob uas xam nrog.

Tus thawj lawm aircraft twb thauj civilians, xam tag nrho cov tib lub tsev "Ilya Muromets", uas hloov dua siab tshiab nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej nyob rau hauv lub bomber. Nws thawj davhlau los ntawm St. Petersburg rau Kiev nrog kaum coob uas xam nrog nws ua rov qab rau hauv 1914.

Cov feem nrov airliner rau hauv lub neej ntawm lub aircraft yog pom tias yuav ua tau ib tug American tsev Douglas DC-3 aircraft ua tus thawj davhlau rov qab nyob rau hauv 1935. Ntau yam kev hloov kho yuav siv niaj hnub no. Piv txwv li, Soviet embodiment ntawm lub aircraft yog Li-2.

Saum toj no cov thawj dav hlau tau piav. Lub npe ntawm lub ntsiab competitors rau lub lag luam ntawm cov neeg nrog caij aircraft - Boeing thiab Airbus.

"Boeing"

Cov American lub tuam txhab Boeing tuaj rov qab rau hauv lub deb 1916. Txij thaum ntawd los nws twb tau raug aircraft, feem ntau rau civil aviation, txawm hais tias tseem muaj cov tub rog thauj qauv. Lub nto moo tshaj plaws cov npe ntawm cov neeg nrog caij aircraft tuam txhab uas muag - Boeing 737, Boeing 747, Boeing 747-8, Boeing 777 thiab Boeing 787.

Tus thawj ntawm lub saum toj no ua qauv raug tso tawm nyob rau hauv 1968, thiab rau hnub tim, yog cov feem ntau loj heev ntawm tag nrho cov neeg nrog caij aircraft. Boeing 747 ua ib xyoos tom qab, yog ib tug tho kev nrog widebody airliners. Boeing 747-8 - cov neeg nrog caij aircraft nrog tus loj tshaj ntev. Nws twb tso tawm nyob rau hauv 2010. Niaj hnub no kev ua lag luam yog cov loj tshaj plaws cov neeg nrog caij aircraft Boeing 777 mas yuav kis tau loj ua txij li thaum 1994. Lub newest qauv ntawm lub li ntawm lub caij - Boeing 787 2009 xyoo ntawm creation.

"Airbus"

Raws li hais ua ntej lawm, lub ntsiab rival Boeing nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no kev ua lag luam yog cov European chaw tsim tshuaj paus Airbus, lub hauv paus chaw ua hauj lwm yog nyob rau hauv Fabkis. Nws twb nrhiav tau ntau npaum li cas tom qab ntawd dua nws American rival - nyob rau hauv 1970. Lub nto moo tshaj plaws npe ntawm lub tuam txhab aircraft - A300, A320, A380 thiab A350 xwb.

Tso tawm nyob rau hauv 1972, lub A300 yog thawj wide-lub cev aircraft rau ob xyaw. Nyob rau A320 nyob rau hauv 1988 qhov siv thiab ua thawj-hlau daim ntawv ntawm kev tswj tau thov nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. A380, uas tua mus rau hauv lub ntuj rau cov thawj lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv 2005, yog cov coob nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Nws yog tau noj nyob rau hauv lub Rooj Tswjhwm Saib mus rau nws cov 480 neeg caij tsheb. Lub newest txoj kev loj hlob yog lub A350 xwb. Nws tseem ceeb ua hauj lwm yog los sib tw nrog lub yav tas los tso Boeing 787. Thiab nrog rau qhov no ua hauj lwm ntse copes lub airliner, obohodya nws rival nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm efficiency.

Lub Soviet neeg nrog caij dav hlau

Thaum ib tug dlej theem thiab nws sawv cev los ntawm lub Soviet neeg nrog caij aircraft lag luam. Feem ntau ntawm cov qauv - yog lub aircraft "Aeroflot". Lub npe ntawm loj hom: Tu, Il, ib tug thiab Yak.

Tus thawj domestic dav hlau airliner yog tso tawm nyob rau hauv 1955, lub Tu-104. Tu-154, cov thawj nqa mus tawm uas coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv 1972, yog suav hais tias yog feem ntau loj heev Soviet cua neeg nrog caij unit. Tu-144 1968 qauv xyoo muaj gained legendary raws li txoj cai raws li lub ntiaj teb no tus thawj airliner, uas tau muaj kev tswj los mus ua txhaum lub suab barrier. Nws yuav mus txog speeds txog li 2.5 txhiab. Km / h, thiab qhov no cov ntaub ntawv rau peb lub sij hawm yog tsis nrua ntaus. Thaum lub caij, lub xeem ua hauj lwm qauv ntawm ib qho kev airliner tsim los ntawm Tupolev tsim Bureau, ib tug Tu-204 1990 qauv xyoo, raws li zoo raws li ib tug kev hloov kho ntawm lub Tu-214.

Lawm, dua li Koj muaj lwm yam dav hlau "Aeroflot". Lub npe ntawm cov feem ntau nrov: IL-18, IL-114, IL-103, Ib-24, ib tug-28, Yak-40 thiab Yak-42.

Airliners lwm lub teb chaws

Dhau li ntawm tus saum toj no, muaj notable qauv thiab lwm yam manufacturers ntawm cov neeg nrog caij aircraft.

British airliner De Havilland Comet, twb tso tawm nyob rau hauv 1949, nws yog tus thawj nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm lub ntiaj teb no dav hlau airliner. Koob meej mas yuav kis tau Franco-British Concorde airliner, tsim nyob rau hauv 1969. Nws mus cia nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ua tsaug rau lub fact tias yog tus thib ob kev vam meej los (tom qab lub Tu-144) tsim ib tug supersonic neeg nrog caij aircraft. Thiab tseem no ob aircraft nyob rau hauv no hais txog yog tshwj xeeb, raws li ntev raws li tsis muaj ib tug twg twb tau mus tso haum rau loj exploitation airliner, muaj peev xwm mus ncig sai dua suab.

transporters

Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb thauj aircraft yog lub tsheb thauj mus los ntawm cov khoom tshaj ntev ncua kev.

Ntawm cov cav tov ntawm no hom yog tsim nyog los xaiv lub Western cov qauv ntawm cov neeg nrog caij aircraft hloov nyob rau hauv lub thauj xav tau kev pab: Douglas MD-11F, lub Airbus A330-200F, lub Airbus A300-600ST thiab Boeing 747-8F.

Tab sis feem ntau ntawm tag nrho cov nyob rau hauv cov kev thauj aircraft tau ua nto moo Soviet, thiab tam sim no lub Ukrainian Antonov tsim Bureau npe. Nws ua dav hlau uas lossi yeej lub ntiaj teb no cov ntaub ntawv rau cov dej num: IB-22, 1965 (muaj peev xwm - 60 m), Ru-124 1984 (muaj peev xwm - 120 tons), IB-1988 225 g (253 yuav siv sij hawm rau lub rooj tsavxwm, 8 m). Tseeb qauv belongs rau tseem tsis tau tawg cov ntaub ntawv payloads. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws los siv rau kev thauj tus Soviet chaw shuttle "Buran", tab sis lub project tsis siv, nrog lub cev qhuav dej ntawm lub USSR.

Nyob rau hauv lub Lavxias teb sab Federation, tag nrho yog tsis yog li ntawd rosy nrog thauj aircraft. Lub npe ntawm Lavxias teb sab aircraft yog raws li nram no: IL-76, IL-112 thiab IL-214. Tab sis qhov teeb meem yog hais tias lub IL-76 ua hnub no yog tsim thaum lub sij hawm lub Soviet era, nyob rau hauv 1971, thiab tus so yuav npaj mus pib xwb nyob rau hauv 2017.

Agricultural aircraft

Muaj aircraft, uas nws paub tab muaj xws li tuav teb nrog cov tshuaj tua kab, herbicides thiab lwm yam chemicals. Qhov no hom ntawm aircraft khoom hu ua liaj ua teb.

Los ntawm Soviet qauv ntawm cov pab kiag li lawm paub rau cov U-2 thiab IB-2, uas yog vim lub daim ntawv thov kev yog ncha lub npe hu ua "maize".

Unit Ceev

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub kev faib ntawm aircraft rau lwm cov laj, uas peb kawm nyob rau hauv kom meej saum toj no, muaj lwm yam rankings. Qhov no muaj xws li cov kev faib ntawm cov sib ntaus ceev. Nyob rau lub hauv paus ntawm aircraft yog muab faib mus rau hauv lub nram no: subsonic, transonic aircraft, supersonic thiab hypersonic aircraft.

Nws yog tsis yooj yim to taub hais tias lub subsonic aircraft tsiv maj mam suab. Transonic aircraft ya rau ib tug ceev ze rau Sonic, supersonic kov yeej lub suab teeb meem, thiab hypersonic tshaj no daim duab ntau tshaj tsib lub sij hawm.

Thaum lub caij, tus ceev tshaj nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no yog ib qho kev sim hypersonic tshuab los ntawm tus US X-43A nyob rau hauv 2001. Nws yuav tau txais li rau kom 11.200 km / h. Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob qhov chaw, nws compatriot X-15, twb tso tawm rov qab nyob rau hauv lub deb 1959. Cov kev ceev ntawm 7273 km / h. Yog hais tias peb tham tsis yog hais txog cov kev sim apparatus, tab sis ntawm cov dav hlau uas ua kev pab raws qib, ces tus championship ntawm lub SR-71 American, tau tsim ib tug ceev mus txog 3530 km / h. lub supersonic Mig-25 yuav tsum muab sau ua ke cov domestic tsheb. Nws nqi siab tshaj ntawm kev ceev yuav ncav cuag mus txog 3000 km / h.

Cov neeg nrog caij aircraft nrog cov kev ceev tej yam uas yog heev npaum li cas. Niaj hnub no muab tsuas yog ob tug supersonic airliner: lub domestic Tu-144 (1968) thiab cov Franco-British Concorde (1969). Cov ntawm no yog los tsim high-ceev kev ua tau zoo ntawm mus txog 2.5 txhiab. Km / h, uas yog ib cov ntaub ntawv ntawm civil aviation, tab sis ntawm aircraft ntawm tag nrho cov kev teem caij tsuas yog lub kaum qhov chaw. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg hais tias thaum lub sij hawm ntawd tsis muaj ib tug ntawm cov supersonic airliner, uas tau nyob rau hauv lub lag luam txij thaum lub siv ntawm lub Tu-144 tsis kam txawm rov qab rau hauv 1978, thiab kev siv ntawm Concorde raug nres nyob rau hauv 2003.

Hypersonic neeg nrog caij aircraft yeej tsis muaj. Txawm li cas los, tam sim no muaj ntau ntau tej yaam num, ob qho tib si domestic thiab txawv teb chaws tsim chaw ua hauj lwm rau zus tau tej cov hypersonic aircraft. Ntawm lawv, cov nto moo tshaj plaws ua lub European ZEHST. Lub aircraft yog peev xwm ntawm speeds mus txog 5.0 txhiab. Km / h, tab sis lub sij hawm uas nws creation tsis meej. Nyob rau hauv Russia, muaj yog ob tug tej yaam num - Tu-244 thiab Tu-444, tab sis nyob rau lub sij hawm ntawd lawv muaj ob khov.

Lwm yam kev faib

Raws li cov xov tooj ntawm xyaw los ntawm aircraft muaj xws li los ntawm ib mus dvenadtsatidvigatelnyh.

Raws li lub hom engine dav hlau raug muab faib mus rau hauv cov nram qab no pawg: nrog ib tug hluav taws xob motor, piston, turboprop, dav hlau, foob pob ua ntxaij, raws li zoo raws li cov cav tov nrog ib tug ua ke cav.

Los ntawm hom chassis kev faib ntawm aircraft nyob rau hauv lub tom ntej no: log, caij duav saum npu, hovercraft, crawler, ntab, amphibian. Lawm, feem ntau yog aircraft nrog wheeled chassis.

By ceeb thawj ntawm lub aircraft yog muab faib ua superlogkie, lub teeb tsheb, medium-qhov hnyav aircraft, hnyav thiab super hnyav.

Raws li cov xov tooj uas muaj tis nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm kev txo lawv tus xov tooj, aircraft yog muab faib ua polyplane, triplane, biplanes, monoplanes thiab polutoraplany.

Muaj kuj yog ib tug faib raws li qhov loj ntawm lub fuselage: ib-aisle thiab dav-lub cev.

Management hom kev faib aircraft muab faib mus rau hauv manned thiab unmanned sim saum nruab ntug tsheb.

Tus duab ntawm tag nrho cov aircraft nqa tawm yuav tsum tau muab faib mus rau hauv lub nram no: ntsug nqa-off, kab rov tav thiab luv luv.

muaj ntau haiv neeg

Peb paub hais tias yog ib tug faib ntawm aircraft hom, hom, cov npe kuj soj ntsuam. Raws li koj tau pom, nws qhia tau hais tias ib tug heev loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov qauv nrog txawv zog, uas muaj sib txawv heev specifications. Lub ntiaj teb no aviation yog tiag tiag ntau yam, thiab ib tug saib xyuas yuav tsis tau piav txhua yam rau nws ib feem.

Cuaj kaum, cov tswv yim, peb muab rau hauv no qhov teeb meem tau, piav qhia txog lub npe nrov tshaj dav hlau muaj nyob rau hauv zaj dab neeg. Hom thiab lub npe, txawm lawv cov loj xov tooj, tseem yeej npaj ib txoj kev, hais lub essence ntawm lub npe.