Lub khov kub ntawm cov dej - ???

Dej ... Yuav ua li cas npaum li cas ntawm cov lus no. Tej zaum npaum li ntawd kuv xav kom nyob rau hauv no txoj kev lub kws sau paj lug! Xwb, lub dej - ib tug synonym rau lub neej. Qhov no daim ntawv qhia no yeej muaj tseeb rau lub inhabitants ntawm lub hiav txwv ntug dej hiav txwv, thiab mus rau lub inhabitants ntawm lub suab puam. Thaj chaw ntawm cov dej tshaj ntau txhiab xyoo hav zoov ntawm science tshawb qhov ntev thiab qhov dav. Nws yuav zoo li uas tsis muaj dab tsi yog sab laug tsis paub hais tias, tab sis ... wb nrog no, zoo li, qhov uas yooj yim kev xaiv raws li qhov khov taw tes ntawm cov dej.

Sawv daws yeej paub hais tias cov kub taw tes thiab freezing point ntawm cov dej yog qhov tseem ceeb cov ntsiab lus xaiv nyob rau hauv 1742 los ntawm Anders Celsius los tsim koj tus kheej kub scale, tom qab saws nyob rau hauv feem ntau lub teb chaws ntawm lub ntiaj teb no. Tab sis muaj ib txwm dej boils ntawm ib puas degrees thiab freezes nyob rau ntawm lub xoom? Tsis tau, tsis yeej ib txwm. Muaj ntau ntau tsis uas yuav hloov cov zauv. Cia peb pib los ntawm thaum pib.

Firstly, lub freezing point ntawm cov dej yog pes tsawg degrees tsuas yog nyob rau qub atmospheric siab, rau cov uas qhov assumed siab nyob rau hauv lub xya puas thiab rau caum millimeters mercury. Los ntawm tej lub khov kub ntawm dej siab nce, thiab cov kub kub - yog txo. Thaum lub siab - tag nrho cov raws nraim cov lus rov.

Secondly, siab tsi ntsees ntawm ntsev ua rau cov dej ntau "resistant" kom txias. Lub khov taw tes ntawm ntsev dej seas thiab oceans - nyob ib ncig ntawm ob degrees hauv qab no zero Celsius. Cov hiav txwv nyob qhov twg salinity siab tshaj qhov nruab nrab, khov ntawm ib tug tseem qis kub.

Nws yog ib tug paub zoo tej yam ntuj tso dej - heterogeneous substance. Yog tsov ntxhuav feem (ntau tshaj cuaj caum cuaj feem pua) ntawm cov dej ntog rau hauv hom tshuaj lom neeg uas yog denoted H2O neeg pab leg ntaubntawv. Tab sis muaj yog ib feem ntawm tej yam ntuj tso dej kuj thiaj li hu ua "hnyav" dej, thiab txawm "super-hnyav". Nyob rau hauv thawj cov ntaub ntawv, cov dej molecule xwb ntawm ob hydrogen atoms yog tam sim no ob tug atoms ntawm nws isotope deuterium nyob rau hauv lub thib ob cov ntaub ntawv - tritium. Nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob, cov ntsiab lus ntawm deuterium thiab tritium nyob rau hauv dej yog heev tsawg kom muaj ib tug kev phiv ntxim rau cov tib neeg los yog tsiaj. Tab sis ntshiab deuterium exhibits tsawg toxicity zog. Tab sis tritium, ib tug tej yam khoom uas nyob rau hauv feeb meej daim ntawv cia li txaus ntshai. Tab sis, qhov zoo ces, nyob rau hauv qhov nws yog tsuas yog nyob rau hauv tawg daim ntawv.

Tritiated dej thiab deuterium muaj lub cev thiab tshuaj zog sib txawv los ntawm lub niaj zaus, "peb" dej. Deuterium dej freezes nyob rau ntawm lub 3,81 degrees Celsius (ntawm atmospheric siab) thiab boils ntawm 101,43 degrees. Nyob rau hauv tritiated dej, cov nuj nqis txawv me ntsis: cov khov taw tes ntawm 1.25 thiab ib tug boiling kub ntawm 101,6 degrees Celsius.

Thaj chaw ntawm cov dej, qhov no seemingly yooj yim tshuaj compound kawm yog deb ntawm tiav. Japanese Masaru kawm, nws hais tias, txawm tham ntawm cov dej. Nws ntseeg hais tias cov dej reacts mus rau lub suab paj nruag thiab lub zog xam qhovkev nyob rau hauv cov lus. Thiab txawm nyob rau qhov kev ceeb toom! Qhov no liam zoo pom tom qab khov cov dej nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub resulting muaju. Nws yog nthuav kom nco ntsoov tias cov lus "koj dag" thiab ua si nkauj nyob rau hauv ib tug "hnyav hlau" style dej reacts tib yam, tab sis cov lus "ua tsaug" nws yog txuam nrog ib tug series ntawm tej hauj lwm rau harpsichord "Goldberg Variations" Ioganna Sebastyana Bach.