Lub ecosystem ntawm meadows. Txais kev pab thiab Cheebtsam ntawm lub tiaj nyom ecosystems

Ecosystem - ib lub ntsiab uas qhia ib tug system ntawm kev sib raug zoo nyob rau tej zej zog nyob beings, interconnected vaj tse ( "oikos" (Gr.) - "tsev" thiab "system").

Yog li, thaum peb xav txog cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov nroj tsuag, tsiaj txhu, parasites, cov kab mob inhabiting lub tiaj nyom qhov chaw, peb hais tias tag nrho cov no - lub ecosystem ntawm meadows.

Ntuj ecosystems: systematization nyob rau hauv pab pawg

Lawv yuav tsum tau subdivided raws li nram no:

1. Hauv pem teb - tundra, taiga, deciduous hav zoov, grasslands, suab puam.

2. Tej me nyuam dej - dej ntws, pas dej, reservoirs, swamps, marshy dej.

3. Tubrog nkoj - dej hiav txwv txee, upwelling (cheeb tsam uas muaj ib tug qhia tau tias ntawm sib sib zog nqus dej hiav txwv dej), estuary (lub qhov ncauj ntawm tus dej ntws ntws mus rau hauv lub seas thiab oceans), lub reefs.

Ecosystems yuav ua tau li nram qab no loj:

• micro - heev me me (xws li, cov hav iav hummock);

• meso - nruab nrab loj (qhov no tej zaum yuav, piv txwv li, ib lub tiaj nyom, los yog lub pas dej);

• macro - loj heev (dej hiav txwv los yog sab av loj);

• Ntiaj teb no - lub ntiaj chaw.

Aggregate Cheebtsam ntawm lub ecosystems thiab tej yam ntuj tso yam

Tej ecosystem muaj ib tug txheej ntawm biotic Cheebtsam: lub uas muaj sia nyob uas nyob nws, thiab abiotic (non-nyob) - ib cov mineral, organic av, nitrogen, carbon, dej.

Ntuj yam tseem ceeb pab kov rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov zej zog nyob tej yam, lub tsawg qhov chaw ntawm lub system. Qhov no hnub ci tawg, humidity, kub qauv cua siab.

Nws yog tsim nyog los hais cov tib neeg nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm zej zog - nws yog tus txiv neej-ua yam uas yuav tsis tau tsuas yog hloov cov ecosystem, tab sis kuj yuav ua kom puas nws.

Meadows: systematization

Tiaj nyom hu ua txwv cheeb tsam, overgrown nrog nyom. Nyob rau hauv Russia, lub meadows yog feeb muab faib ua nuggets (natural ntuj) thiab dag. (Derived ntawm kev sib hloov, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tinned meej lub sij hawm).

Neeg grasslands tau feeb siv rau haying thiab grazing nyuj. Lawv muab ib tug nplua nuj sau ntawm tshuaj ntsuab thiab tiaj nyom ecosystem nws tus kheej txhawb qhov yuav tsum tau rau ntev-lub neej kev sib raug zoo nyob beings. Kev puas tsuaj xws ib cheeb tsam pom tias yuav av yaig, overgrown nrog underbrush (nyob ze ntawm lub hav zoov) thiab hais tawm ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Neeg grassland yog tsawg tsawg.

Dag meadows nyob rau hauv tej thaj chaw suav muab tau los ntawm cov qoob loo tig teb los yog nyob tom qab deforestation. Lawv seeded perennial grasses, uas muab lub siab tshaj plaws tawm los. Lossi saib xyuas hauv lub xeev ntawm cov av, ua rau cov tsim nyog mineral thiab organic chiv. Meadows ecosystem nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yog lig ntau los ntawm lub ntuj, tsim thiab khaws cia xwb artificially.

Rau grazing yog siv ob yam thiab dag meadows. Txoj cai yog suav tias yog ib tug rhuav tshem ntawm tej chaw nyob rau hauv lub sector rau lwm siv, nws tso cai rau nyom cover rov qab los.

Biotic Cheebtsam meadows ecosystem

Tiaj Nyom belongs rau nruab nrab loj zej zog ntawm nyob creatures, li ntawd, yog muaj li ntawm tag nrho cov ntsiab xam qhovkev nyob rau hauv ib yam ntawm lawv.

Inhabitants yog hu ua grasslands ecosystems biotic Cheebtsam. Raws li cov tau txais kev faib tawm, nws yog producers, tau txais kev pab thiab decomposers.

1. ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ (основа любого органического вещества). Producers - yog cov nroj tsuag uas hloov hnub ci zog los ntawm photosynthesis isomer zib C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ (puag tej organic tshuaj).

2. Consuments - tau txais kev pab tshav nyom ecosystem, pub rau cov nroj tsuag, kab los yog lwm yam tsiaj.

3. Decomposers - yog tus kab mob uas pub nyob rau hauv qhov tuag rov organic teeb meem.

producers meadows

Lub ntsiab cog rau hauv lub tiaj nyom - nyom. Nws yog ntseeg hais tias nyob rau hauv ib tug square meter yuav nyob ua ib ke sab ntawm sab txog ib puas txawv cov nroj tsuag.

Basic tiaj nyom grasses - cereals (txog plaub caug hom). Nws Timautes, liab fescue thiab tiaj nyom, rye nyom, cov vaj txiv nyom, Bluegrass , tiaj nyom foxtail, tiaj nyom brome, bent dawb. Lawv ua li ntsuab loj, muab ib tug zoo turf, loj hlob maj mam nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav, lub caij nplooj zeeg loj hlob dua (muab rau hauv lub aftermath). Cov tshuaj ntsuab - lub sab theem ntawm lub meadows.

Cov tom ntej no feem ntau tiaj nyom - legumes (los ntawm kaum tsib mus rau nees nkaum hom): clover, taum mog, rank. Lawv txhawb cov av nrog nitrogen. Qhov no yog tus thib ob theem.

Grasses yog cov nroj tsuag ntawm tsev neeg Umbelliferae, Labiatae, buttercup, clove - yeej peb theem.

Nyom - tus thawj tseem ceeb link nyob rau hauv cov zaub mov saw, av zej zog. Tsis kos thiab grasslands ecosystem. Tsiaj txhu (herbivorous tsiaj), kab, noog noj ob zaub ntsuab thiab noob. Qhov ntau qus grasses nyob rau hauv lub tiaj nyom, qhov ntau tej zaum cov neeg muas zaub tau subsist rau ntawm qhov chaw.

consuments

Tau txais kev pab ecosystem meadows raug muab faib ua peb txiav txim:

1. ntawm tau txais kev pab (cov neeg siv) ntawm thawj thiaj li yog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm fauna ncaj qha pub producers (manufacturers), piv txwv li cov nroj tsuag. Qhov no kab (butterflies, muv, qwj), herbivorous tsiaj (nas, nyuj, nees, yaj, tshis, luav), tshav nyom noog (quail, noog, partridge).

2. Qhov thib ob kev txiav txim nqa consuments Carnivores, herbivores noj. Nws cov hma liab, hedgehogs, insectivorous noog (wagtail, corncrake, snipe, tit, plaub caug) thiab txawm kab laug sab.

3. Los ntawm peb kev txiav txim ntawm cov kev pab yog Carnivores, noj mov Carnivores. Qhov no noog (kestrel, harrier, dav, kite) thiab cov tsiaj (piv txwv li, cov hma liab).

Ncuab meadows ecosystem

Txhua yam zaub mov saw yuav tsum raug kaw, nws yog tshwm sim los ntawm ib ncig ntawm tu tub tu kiv. Yog li ntawd, yuav tsum muaj cov kab mob no muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm qhov dev tag nrho cov organic seem. еструкторами. Lawv hu ua decomposers, los yog d estruktorami. Lawv ua tau ib tug heev ib qho tseem ceeb muaj nuj nqi - nws yog nyob rau hauv lub qhov ntawm lub medics, lawv kaw biogeochemical voj voog.

Qhov twg yog qhov fossils? Qhov no tuag hauv av thiab underground (cov hauv paus hniav) ntawm cov nroj tsuag, poob lub caij nplooj zeeg, tuag (los yog los ntawm tej yam kab mob, los yog tuag lawm, los yog tau ua kom tiav tus txheej txheem ntawm cov hav zoov), cov noog thiab cov tsiaj, noog, khoom pov tseg, tsiaj txhu thiab tib neeg. Tag nrho cov ntawm no lub zog-nplua nuj organic teeb meem, nws yog hu ua detritus.

Lub ecosystem ntawm grasslands ua rau nws tau nyob ua ib ke raws li nram no cov tsiaj uas pub rau detritus (detritophages):

• noog - eagles, cov dav npoj ya, crows, jackdaws;

• kab - ntsaum, kab kab, tsim underground, dung kab, centipedes ob-khub;

• cua nab.

Tag nrho cov saum toj no cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub tiaj nyom muaj yog feem ntau nyob rau hauv los ntawm kev pab, nyob hauv ib kem me me nyob rau hauv lub hierarchy ntawm tau txais kev pab. Siv tuag remnants thiab yog li purifying cov ib puag ncig, lawv tawm hauv qab ib tug khoom undigested residues (quav).

decomposers meadows

Tiaj nyom grasses, uas yog cov producers, rau lawv cov kev loj hlob yuav tsum tau los ntawm cov av yaj nyob rau ntawd minerals.

Nyob rau thaj av (xws li lub tiaj nyom) mineral tshuaj nkag mus rau av nyob rau hauv ob txoj kev - biotic thiab abiotic.

1. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm tsuas fungi thiab av kab mob muaj peev xwm mus hloov txoj organic tebchaw rau hauv yooj yim inorganic thiab organic. Lawv yog cov tseem ceeb decomposers ntawm terrestrial ecosystems. Qhov no biotic txoj kev.

2. Neeg kho tshuab cuam tshuam (freeze-thaw), tshuaj thiab photochemical tshua tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov xwm, yog hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv txoj organic tebchaw muaj rau decomposers yooj yim organic thiab inorganic. Qhov no yog ib qho abiotic txoj kev mus.