Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird: Davhlau Kev Ua Zoo

Lockheed SR-71 - ib qho ntawm feem nto moo neeg soj xyuas dav hlau thiab ib txhij ib tug ntawm cov feem ntau tsis paub hais tias. "Blackbird" yog lub brainchild ntawm renowned aircraft designer Clarence Johnson, lub taub hau ntawm lub Department ntawm foundations txoj kev loj hlob (ADP) lub tuam txhab Lockheed. Tsim nyob rau hauv lub lig '50s, "Blackbird" thiab niaj hnub no zoo li futuristic, thiab qhov no txawm lub fact tias nws yuav tsis tau tsim muaj cov kev pab los ntawm high-ceev computers, raws li nyob rau ib pa nqus board.

tsim

SR-71 Blackbird ua rau ib tug "tailless" nrog ib tug voos ob-keel tis thiab tus Tsov tus tw. Tus tsim ntawm cov tsoos - nrog stringers, ntas thiab nyuab siab tawv nqaij. Ua tib zoo "yaim" ntaub ntawv no tsis tsuas aerodynamics. "Stealth aircraft", tsim los ntawm Stealth technology yog xav tau cov invention ntawm lub xyoo caum kawg, tab sis lub tshuab yog lom zem ntau "Blackbird" yog embodied nyob rau hauv cov qauv siv. Sib npaug nkhaus thiab tus pos chaw ua aircraft tsawg ntug rau radar.

Strategic supersonic neeg soj xyuas muaj yuav luag tsis muaj kev tiaj tus chaw. Exception - ib tug ncaj loj keels, tab sis lawv yog qaij de inward, uas thiaj li lawv zoo dissipation cheeb tsam. Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm cov pem hauv ntej thiab trailing ntug thov xov tooj cua-absorbing ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov voos inserts cellular yas Siv. Qhov no daim ntawv ntawm inserts xov tooj cua tsis reflected rau hauv daim duab peb sab mus ua kom tiav attenuation. Nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm kev ua hauj lwm radios distort cov reflected teeb liab los ntawm lub aircraft, khob tsis meej pem radar tswv tiv thaiv.

Ntev sib ntaus ntawm supersonic speeds, lub dav hlau yog raug hnyav thiab lub caij nyoog cua kub. Yog li ntawd, qhov kev siv "Blackbird" ze li ntawm 93% muaj "Beta-B 120 'tshav kub-resistant thiab high-zog titanium hlau.

fuselage

Muab hais tias cov kev ceev ntawm lub tis tawv nqaij panels tus warp thiab swell los ntawm cua kub, cov ntsiab no yog ua los corrugated. Longitudinal grooves tsis tau tsuas yog ua raws li reinforcing tav, tab sis kuj ua rau kom lub tshav kub dissipation cheeb tsam, yuav luag tsis muaj ua luag.

Muaj ntau niaj hnub American warplanes muaj nodules rau lub hauv paus ntawm lub tis, tiam sis "Blackbird" lawv nyob rau hauv tag nrho ntev ntawm lub fuselage, uas yog vim li cas nws seem ntawm lub round lem mus rau hauv yuav luag ib pob zeb diamond-puab. Cov nodules ua si ib dual lub luag hauj lwm: yuav tsim ib tug heev loj nqa, uas thiaj li los ntawm ib nrab ntawm cov dabtsi yog khoov ntshis rau qhov ntev fuselage, thiab kuj pab kom haum raws li cov roj thiab cov khoom siv. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lawv ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub aerodynamics, txo luag.

Cov neeg coob nyob rau hauv spaced "nyob rau hauv tandem" nrog ib tug neeg cabins, qhib rov qab teeb. Glazing cabs qauv Lockheed SR-71 yog ua los ntawm tshwj xeeb iav, tawv impervious ultraviolet tawg nyob rau high school altitude. Cabins yog huab cua txias, cov neeg coob yoov nyob rau hauv lub siab ce.

tis

Cov tis muaj ib tug twist ntawm sab nraud consoles, thiaj li muaj cov dabtsi yog khoov thiab sib ntswg moments rau nws. Ntxuav tawm cov qauv nyob rau hauv cov cua qhov pom tias qhov yuav tsum tau rau flaps los yog slats tsis muaj - loj tis rau tsaws tsim ib tug haib cua cushion, muab ib tug heev mos tsaws, yuav luag tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau tus tsav. Lug spaced nacelle ua tib zoo smoothed thiab muaj nyob rau sab nraum ntawm lub hlws ris nrog cov uas ntug ntawm lub tis appreciable sagging.

tus Tsov tus tw

Vertical tus Tsov tus tw ua tselnopovorotnym. Cov keels 2.5 lub sij hawm zoo tshaj dua li pa tswj chaw thiab yuav tsum tau me me deflection ces kaum, uas thiaj li ua hauj. Maximum deflection fins "Blackbird" lub ntawm speeds mus mach 0.5 yog 20 °, nyob ib tug ntau dua kev ceev yog txiav txo kom 10 °. Keely inclined inwards los ntawm 15 °, uas muaj ib tug zoo ntxim rau cov stability thiab controllability. Piv txwv li, SR-71 supersonic dav hlau yog tsis ntshai ntawm crosswinds mus txog rau 18 m / s. Lub trailing ntug ntawm cov tis yog nkaus nyob los ntawm cov chav ailerons thiab elevators.

motors

"Blackbird" muaj ob tug heev haib engine hom TRD Pratt & Whitney JT11D-20B (lwm los - J58) thrust ntawm 144,56 KN. Nyob rau hauv lawv daim card loj loj ntau yam "Blackbird": 3 rau tus ceev ntawm Mach motors tig yeej tseem zoo nyob rau hauv uniflow: 58% muab thrust cua kom tsawg, 25% - thiab lub nozzle tsuas muaj li 17% - lub sij engine. Cua inlets ntawm lub aircraft "noog dub" tau tsim thiaj li mus muab ib tug tseem ceeb ib feem ntawm tag nrho cov thrust. Lub cones no yog ua los adjustable los tuav lub poob siab yoj nyob rau hauv cov huab cua kom tsawg.

Constructing engine J58, tshwj xeeb los ntawm Pratt & Whitney ces yuav tsum loj teeb meem: cua inlet kub mus txog 380 ° C, nyob rau hauv cov roj injector - 160 ° C, nyob rau hauv lub afterburner - 280 ° C, thiab cov roj cav - 485 ° C. Yog li ntawd J58 siv, dhau li ntawm titanium, tau pom daim ntawv thov tshwj xeeb npib tsib xee superalloys Hastelloy-X, thiab Rene-41. Vim li no cov thermal kev nyuaj siab regime xyaw txhua txhua 200 teev ntawm lub lag luam yog ua tiav disassembly thiab soj ntsuam.

chassis

Chassis "Blackbird" tricycle nrog ib lub qhov ntswg log. Qhov ntswg them nyiaj yug uas ob lub log retracted rau pem hauv ntej, lub ntsiab - qhov chaw ntawd. Chassis ntxuav tam sim ntawd tom qab tawm hauv lub hauv av, vim Lockheed SR-71 sai sai accelerates ntau permissible davhlau ceev nrog tsaws iav (555 km / h). Ntsiab nyiaj yug muaj peb lub log nyob rau hauv tib qag los txo lub siab rau hauv av thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm txuag lub internal ntim ntawm lub fuselage.

Log Tsheb tsis ua los ntawm roj hmab, thiab ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb thaum tshav kub kub-resistant cov khoom, thiab nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav muaj ib qhov siab ntawm tag nrho cov davhlau hom, thiab yog tsis tau sau nrog cov huab cua kom tsis txhob oxidation thiab nitrogen. Lawv muaj ib tug tus tsuj taw thiab them nrog nyiaj xim txo tshav kub. Wells chassis surrounded los ntawm roj tso tsheb hlau luam - roj ua raws li ib tug coolant.

braking system

Reconnaissance aircraft yog muab nrog ib tug hluas braking kaus poob los txoj kab uas hla ntawm 12 m, manufactured los ntawm kev siv lub cutter tam sim ntawd tom qab touchdown tshaj tawm ntawm 280-330 km / h. Lub kaus poob los yog ua los ntawm tshwj xeeb thaum tshav kub kub-resistant cov ntaub ntawv thiab mesh ua tsis yuav tsum tau Ripped tshaj tawm lub taub hau. Nws peeled tawm thaum uas txo lub aircraft ceev rau 110 km / h tsis meej pem nyob rau hauv tether keels.

cov khoom

US Cua Dag Zog Yuam siv lub siab heev tshaj plaws tshuab thiab telemetry tswj. "Blackbird" yim-channel system yog muab nrog ib tug resilience (STCs), compensating "ua-nyob rau hauv" tsis khov ntawm cov aircraft (uas yog tshwm sim los ntawm lub sis tsis ncaj cua kub nyob rau hauv cruising davhlau). Lub system ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv tag nrho peb axes thiab peb lub sij hawm mus theej tawm.

Thaum ib tug ceev ntawm Mach 3, thiab mus txog ib yam nkaus thiab si nyhav txiav txim rudders tej zaum yuav ua rau ib tug ceev kev hloov ntawm cov aircraft txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv qhov chaw, uas yuav ua tau kom nws puas tsuaj. Nyob rau lwm cov tes, nyob rau hauv qhov siab, nyob rau hauv uas ib tug SR-71 Blackbird, cov huab cua ceev yog tsawg tshaj li 2% ntawm nws cov ceev ntawm lub hiav txwv theem, uas yuav tsum tau zoo ko tw nyoob hoom deflection.

SPU yog tsim los pab los ntawm Honeywell thiab yog ib tug ntawm cov feem ntau txhim khu kev qha nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov dav hlau: MTBF nws txog 130 000 teev. Yog hais tias lub system yog tseem tawg, nyuaj los tswj lub aircraft nyob rau hauv cruising, tab sis ua tau.

Honeywell tuam txhab muaj kuj tsim muaj ib lub computer rau cov zauv sib ntaus cov ntaub ntawv, enabling ib tug kho lus rau distortion sawv nyob rau hauv lub davhlau ntawm supersonic speeds. Vim hais tias ntawm cov muaj zog tsis zoo siab cua ntawm siab altitude pa pab kiag li lawm nrog tswv yim los ntawm HDPE hlab twb unreliable. Lub caij nyoog nqi ntawm cov ntsug ceev, altitude thiab ceev ntawm Mach tooj yuav tsum tau tso tawm los ntawm ib tug computer rau peb cov zaub nyob rau hauv lub cockpit.

roj system

Qhov muaj zog thiab ntev cua kub lub dav hlau Lockheed SR-71 nyob rau hauv cruising davhlau yuav tsum tau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov tshiab lubricants, sealants, slurries, rwb thaiv tsev cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov zoo li. D. Yog li, cov roj siv nyob rau hauv lub "Blackbird" hom JP-7, muaj xws li ib tug kub mas uas tau teem hluav taws kub mus rau nws lub tshwj xeeb reagent - triethylborane (TEB). Vim hais tias ntawm no nws yog siv raws li ib tug coolant rau cov cua txias cov neeg coob hauv tsev thiab rhiab ntau rau overheating cov ntshav, nyob rau hauv particular chassis. Tab sis raws li cov roj ntau lawm pib sis tsis ncaj cua sov ntawm lub fuselage, ua deformation ntawm nws sag.

Nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb tank nyob rau hauv lub dav hlau muaj ib tug Tshuag ntawm triethylborane mus pib lub engine nyob rau hauv cov huab cua thiab tig rau afterburner. Strategic txawj ntse muab rau roj tso tsheb hlau luam uas muaj 46,000 litres ntawm cov roj. Tso Tsheb Hlau Luam ib sab sauv thiab sab phab ntsa ntawm plating cov ntaub ntawv, thiab tshuav rau expansion thiab contraction ntawm systematic airframe thaum lub sij hawm ua cua sov thiab cua txias, lawv keej. Tom qab txhua txhua 200 teev davhlau lawv tau raug muab zwm tab sis tseem ntws qoob thiab nyob rau hauv-sawv nyob rau hauv aircraft chaw nres tsheb ntxiv tag nrho cov roj pas. Txij li thaum JP-7, ib tug uas tsis yog-volatile roj, tshuam tsis muaj hluav taws kev ruaj, tab sis nyob rau hauv cruising davhlau tank phab ntsa yog rhuab mus 280 ° C, yog li ntawd txawm cov roj JP-7 los ntawm nws cov high flashpoint yuav muab ib tug tawg. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub davhlau tso tsheb hlau luam uas muaj nitrogen.

kev yam ntxwv

Model SR-71 muaj cov nram qab specifications:

• Length - 32,7 m.
• Wingspan: 16.9 m.
• Qhov siab - 5.6 m.
• Noj-off hnyav - mus txog rau 78 tons.
• Davhlau ntau - 4800-5200 km.
• Maximum ceev - 2125 km / h nyob rau ntawm ib qhov chaw siab tshaj ntawm 9000 m thiab 3220 km / h nyob rau ntawm ib qhov chaw siab tshaj ntawm 24,000 meters.

weaponry

Ntawm peb kev xaiv, "Blackbird" tau txais xwb supersonic dav hlau interceptor YF-12A. Nws muaj plaub cuaj luaj "huab cua-rau-huab cua» Hughes Gar-9 (AIM-47A) Super-Liaj, ntxias ntawm ib lub hom phiaj uas siv ib lub radar IB / ASG-18A. Reconnaissance embodiments caj npab muaj txawm tias elaborated raws li qhov installation kev xaiv rau SR-71 nrog lub thoob nuclear bombs, nyob rau hauv lub caij bomber Convair B-58 Hustlen.

elusive

Dav hlau tub rog aviation plays ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv niaj hnub rog lub tswv yim. Dua li ntawm qhov impressive pab pawg neeg mus txog qhovtwg satellites yam ntawm cov loj powers, aviation yog tseem tseem ceeb thaum lub sij hawm reconnaissance missions. Tej zaum nws yog lub feem ntau legendary Blackbird reconnaissance aircraft.

Muaj tag nrho cov "kub me ntsis" ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, SR-71 lawm yeej tsis tau khob qhov rooj cia. Nyob rau hauv 1972 nws raug nplua lub lus ntawm yav tas los Cua Dag Zog Yuam sergeant uas ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub National Security Agency nyob rau hauv lub ramparts tub rog phau ntawv journal: "Tua cia lub SR-71 yog tsis tau." Sergeant raug nplua zaus uas Suav tau sim ua, tab sis cov interceptor pilots "Mig-21" tsa lub tswb tsuas xav qhov twg tus neeg ua txhaum tau evaporated. Raws li nws, "Blackbird" thiab ya mus saum Soviet lub teb chaws, thiab lub NSA mloog chaw nres tsheb raws ciam teb ntawm lub USSR kaw cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm lub Soviet huab cua tiv thaiv. Ntxiv mus, lub yav tas los sergeant hais tias lub US hluav taws xob-txawj ntse txheej txheem tso cai rau lawv mus ua raws li cov sib ntaus ntawm yuav luag tag nrho cov Soviet tub rog aircraft, thiab txawm txiav txim uas yog tam sim no pib los ntawm ib tug kev siv lub tshuab. Thiab nyob rau hauv no kuj zoo kawg nqis "Pawg Xya Caum-thawj."

Nyob 70 American cov dav hlau ya mus tshaj North Kauslim, Tuam Tshoj, teb chaws Cuba, raws li tus ciam teb ntawm lub USSR. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, muaj cov rooj sib tham nrog cov kev ceev ntawm lub sij hawm lub Soviet interceptor - Mig-25P, thiab lawv tau mus rau qhov kawg, raws li tus neeg Mis Kas, yog tsis nyob rau hauv dej siab ntawm tus tom kawg. Nws yog tseem hai tau npaj siab kom tau txais cov elusive "qhua" thaum lub sij hawm qhov tseeb anti-aircraft missiles.

Lockheed A-12

Lub npe "Blackbird" feem ntau txuam nrog rau tswv yim scout SR-71. Txawm li cas los, tom qab no lub npe yog ob tug lwm tsawg zoo-paub lub tsheb: A-12 thiab YF-12A.

Cov zaj dab neeg ntawm cov designations heev mas. Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias US cua quab yuam dav hlau muaj ib tug meej cais. Tsiaj ntawv YF meant ib fighter chav kawm ntawv, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, YF-12A yog ib sim fighter. Tsab ntawv A (nres) appropriated storming, tab sis lub A-12 yog kom meej meej tsis zoo sib xws rau cov nres. Qhov no yog ua rau yam Soviet txawj ntse tom qab tus neeg pej xeem thoob ntiaj teb scandal tua cia tshaj Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg), ib tug US neeg soj xyuas dav hlau. Ces Thawj Tswj Hwm Eisenhower cog lus Khrushchev tsis siv reconnaissance aircraft nyob rau hauv lub skies tshaj lub Soviet Union, tab sis Lockheed project cia li tau teem rau cov kev ua hauj lwm. Kev lig kev cai, nws twb yog ib tug "civil", raws li cov CIA koom - tsis tub rog lub koom haum.

Los ntawm Lub ib hlis ntuj 1962 A-12 tsab yog npaj txhij rau kev soj ntsuam. Tom qab thawj davhlau nws muab tawm hais tias ib tug ntau ntawm tsis xws luag nyob rau hauv lub tsev. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog plagued powerplant yuav tsum tau ntev thiab laborious ca inlets. Dua li no, lub A-12 twb launched nyob rau hauv lub series - lub CIA urgently yuav tsum tau high-ceev reconnaissance los hloov lub outdated U-2. 14 nrws tau ua.

tsim nta

Lockheed A-12 Nws tseem tseem sim - nws muaj ntau yam flaws uas yuav muab tshem tawm xwb finalizing tsim. Tej zaum thawj ntawm lawv - ib tug loj loj tab kaum rau tus tsav, uas, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub lag luam los ntawm cov aircraft, uas nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej tsis yog ib tug yooj yim ua hauj lwm, yuav tsum tau tiv nrog heev heev razvedapparaturoy.

Sab nraud cov cim qhia tias A-12 twb xav taw tes qhia lub qhov ntswg nrog ncaj npoo ntawm pem hauv ntej ib feem ntawm lub fuselage sags thiab xaus luv luv ntawm lub caij nyoog kawg no. Lub ntsiab sib txawv los ntawm lub tom ntej hloov ntawm "Blackbird" yog hais tias nws yog ib tug tib. Rau cockpit yog razvedoborudovaniya compartment (ib tug thiaj li hu ua Q-compartment), reconnaissance khoom tsev nyob rau hauv lub fade ntawm lub fuselage. Nrog tsawg xwb, tus A-12 tseem yuav luag nkaus unpainted - dub cia li tus hneev nrog lub cockpit, tis ua ntug thiab cov khob hliav qab ntawm huab cua intakes.

YF-12A interceptor

Nws yog sib ntaus sib tua ib tug offshoot ntawm "Blackbird" tsev neeg. Lub ntsiab sib txawv los ntawm cov neeg soj xyuas dav hlau:

• Nyob rau YF-12A yog mounted hluav taws tswj radar qauv Hughes IB / ASG-18A nrog lub conjugate nrhiav IR system thiab mus txog qhovtwg lub hom phaj.
• Riam phom - plaub cuaj luaj AIM-47A (Gar-9) Super-Liaj "huab cua-rau-huab cua."
• Rau cockpit es tsis txhob ntawm Q-compartment, ib tug thib ob pog laus, qhov chaw uas tus neeg tsav tsheb tau muab tso rau caj npab.

Nyob rau hauv 1964, lub designer Klerens Dzhonson Kolliera muab "rau koj ua tau nyob rau hauv lub US aeronautics". Thaum qhov kev nthuav qhia ntawm Lockheed YF-12A aircraft twb sawv cev, pleev xim rau dub. Li no, tej zaum, thiab nws mus lawv kev lub npe - "Black Bird".

End ntawm ib tug era

Los ntawm thaum ntxov eighties machines cov ntaub nws yog twb nyob rau lub wane, thiab ua raws lawv nyob rau hauv ya mob tau ua heev problematic. Tshwj xeeb yog nyuaj txoj hauj lwm nrog xyaw: TRD J-58 twb rho los ntawm kev ua lag luam nyob rau hauv lub lig sixties, thiab txawm hais tias txhua txhua 200 teev ua hauj lwm xyaw yog tiav disassembly thiab kev soj ntsuam, thiab tom qab txhua txhua 600 teev - overhaul, lawm, lawv hnav tawm. Spare xeem kom tau nws yog ntau yooj yim.

Nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav ntawm 1988, lub US Cua Dag Zog Yuam Minister Edvard Oldridzh qhia hais tias tus nqi ntawm kev tswj cov fleet SR-71 yog sib npaug zos rau cov nqi rau tus txij nkawm ntawm ob tis ntawm fighter aircraft. By lub sij hawm tus xov tooj ntawm lub tsheb nyob rau hauv kev siv txo los ntawm ib nrab - los ntawm 12 mus rau 6. Nyob rau hauv 1989, nws tau txiav txim siab los tshem tawm cov reconnaissance aircraft SR-71 nrog rau riam phom. 1990 Nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav, lub "xya caum-thawj" sacked. Peb lub tsheb davhlau Test Center, NASA Dryden tau raug xa mus rau raws li ya lub chaw soj nstuam rau txoj kev tshawb no ntawm supersonic davhlau. Ntawm seem tsawg kawg yog rau sab yog conserved thiab yuav raws, Yog hais tias tsim nyog, yuav tsum tau coj mus rau hauv ya mob.