Kozlovsky, Mikhail Ivanovich: biography, duab, sculptures

Kozlovskiy Mihail Ivanovich yog ib tug ntawm cov loj tshaj sculptors ntawm Lavxias teb sab classicism, uas nws ua hauj lwm yog imbued muaj hom phiaj ntawm lub Enlightenment, kaj emotionality thiab lofty tib neeg. Raws li daim duab critics thaum pib ntawm lub XIX xyoo pua, hauv txhua ntawm nws tej hauj lwm, "qhia ib tug ntau ntawm cov tswv yim, kev xav, thawj saib thiab tswv tes ntawm cov neeg sau ntawv."

Mihail Ivanovich Kozlovsky - ib tug sculptor, ntawm tag nrho cov Lavxias teb sab ntxias uas nyob, tej zaum, cov shortest, tab sis kuj ci ntsa iab tshaj lub neej. Ntawm kev txaus siab yog tus creator tshwm sim los ntawm ancient myths xwb thiab cim ntawm Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm. Nyob rau hauv lawv, nws pom tus ideals uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb xwb tsis rau nws lub contemporaries, tab sis kuj rau yav tom ntej tiam.

Kozlovsky, Mikhail Ivanovich: biography

Lub neej yav tom ntej nto moo sculptor yug nyob rau hauv 1753 nyob rau hauv lub tsev neeg ntawm trumpeter galley fleet, yog ib lub suburbs ntawm St. Petersburg hiav txwv. Ntawm no nws siv nws thaum yau xyoo.

Thaum muaj hnub nyoog ntawm kaum ib (1764) Kozlovsky, Mikhail Ivanovich mus ib txhis ncaim ntawm lub tsev thiab cov niam txiv tau thov hauv lub xov tooj ntawm cov me nyuam tuaj koom lub St. Petersburg Academy of Arts. Thaum lub sij hawm no nyob rau hauv European kos duab - puab, architecture, painting - matured thiab maj tsim classicism. Lub brightest neeg sawv cev ntawm no qauv nyob rau hauv kos duab yog ib tug muaj koob Lavxias teb sab sculptor Kozlovskiy Mihail Ivanovich.

Luv luv biography ntawm lub sculptor:

• .: 1773 kawm tiav Academy nrog ib tug kub puav pheej;
• 1774-1778 gg.: Nyob rau hauv Loos kev kawm boarder;
• 1780.: Marseilles Academy of Arts muab nws lub npe ntawm academician;
• 1784-1785 gg.: Tua rau ib tug marble pej thuam ntawm Catherine II nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov ancient vajtswv poj niam txawj ntse, Minerva twb tau nkag mus rau hauv tej chaw thiab nrog paub txog contemporaries (lub embodied kev kawm conception ntawm qhov zoo tagnrho huab tais - ib tug paub qab hau legislator thiab cov Defender ntawm lub Fatherland);
• thaum pib ntawm 1788 rov xa txawv teb chaws (Paris) mus kawm;
• 1790.: Kozlovskiy Mihail Ivanovich rov qab los tsev, tsim sculptures idyllic voj voog;
• nyob rau hauv 1796-m generates ib tug uas nws kim heev series ntawm sculptural sketches rau hauv lub ntsiab ntawm lub Trojan ua tsov ua rog, qhov no tag nrho lub sij hawm yog cim los ntawm qhov kev tshawb rau monumentality, tshiab nta, uas ua ib lub Cheebtsam yuav ntxiv cov artist lub chaw ua hauj lwm;
• nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm 1799 mus 1801 ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ib tug monument commander A. V. Suvorovu, nws tau koob meej Lavxias teb sab pab tub rog tsis ntev los no yeej nyob rau hauv lub Italian phiaj los nqis tes;
• Nyob rau hauv 1802 Kozlovskiy Mihail Ivanovich nyob rau hauv lub prime ntawm lub neej thiab tej txuj ci mam li nco dheev tuag.

Nws twb pib faus nyob rau hauv lub Smolensk Orthodox toj ntxas. Nyob rau hauv 1931, lub burial twb tau tsiv mus rau lub Alexander Nevsky Lavra rau lub Lazarevskoye tojntxas

Kozlovsky, Mikhail Ivanovich: Duab puab

Nws tej hauj lwm - staturnaya yas reliefs, monumental duab puab thiab tombstones - yog imbued nrog sib sib zog nqus siab ntsws xav thiab sublime tib neeg.

Nyob rau hauv cov style ntawm nws tej hauj lwm ho cuam tshuam rau lub loog ntawm Fabkis duab puab XIVIII caug xyoo. Ntawm no, qhov zoo tshaj plaws paub yog: monument A. V. Suvorovu nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg, tus pej thuam "Xaxoo tearing tus tsov ntxhuav lub qhov ncauj" (adorns tam sim no ib tug ntawm cov Peterhof chaw), "Zaum ntxhais" (Lub caij ntuj no Palace) thiab "Hymen", tsim nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm lub neej ntawm Constantine Pavlovich (raws li yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj no Palace), daim duab ntawm ib tug txiv neej, ua rau txoj kev tshawb no ntawm tib neeg lub cev.

Nto moo rau nws bas-reliefs: "Tus rov qab los ntawm Regulus rau Carthage," "Camille, relieving Rome los ntawm cov Gauls" (nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg, nyob rau hauv lub Marble Palace), "tua neeg pov tseg ntawm lub Innocents", "Polycrates", "Cupid", "Mercury thiab cov Nymph", " Apollo "(pom nyob rau hauv lub tsev cia puav pheej ntawm Alexander III).

thaum ntxov

Nyob rau hauv lub pib lub sij hawm ntawm creativity lub ntsiab tseem ceeb ntawm tej hauj lwm ntawm lub sculptor yog lub ntsiab ntawm pej xeem virtue, ua siab loj, rau lawv tus kheej txi thiab fortitude.

Kozlovskiy Mihail Ivanovich heroes ntawm lawv reliefs ua tseem ceeb cim los ntawm cov keeb kwm ntawm ancient Rome, uas nyob rau hauv lub npe ntawm tus Fatherland thiab qhov zoo ntawm cov neeg txi lawv tus kheej. Tej nws ua hauj lwm "Regula farewell nrog cov pej xeem Rome" (1780) thiab "Camille eliminates galling ntawm Rome" (1781).

Hill thiab cos duab, clarity ntawm muaj pes tsawg leeg, forethought thiab clarity ntawm cov kab thiab cov ntaub ntawv - nta uas paub qhov txawv cov ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv uas Kozlovskiy Mihail Ivanovich ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm thaum ntxov ntawm creativity. Duab puab txig harmonize nrog cov architecture ntawm lub tsev, ua nyob rau hauv cov style ntawm thaum ntxov classicism.

Sib raug zoo puab thiab architecture

Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog harmonious zej lub zos ntawm ob duab - duab puab thiab architecture - manifested nyob rau hauv plaster reliefs tsim rau cov kev hais kwv txhiaj cuab nyob rau hauv lub Catherine Park (Tsarskoye selo). Tus neeg sau ntawm lub pavilion, ua nyob rau hauv cov style ntawm mature classicism, yog George. Quarenghi (1783-1788). Reliefs muab ib qho ntsiab - cov suab paj nruag. Orpheus ua si rau cov lyre tames tsiaj qus; Apollo, ua si suab paj nruag, zoo siab lub pob ntseg ntawm Ceres; Muse Art sau cwj pwm - xws thaj av, uas them xim rau Kozlovsky, Mikhail Ivanovich. Lub Wizard (thaum ntxov reliefs) txawv zoo qauv equilibrated muaj pes tsawg leeg tus nkhaus thiab stately lub me hwj chim dluab. Tag nrho cov nta pab rau cov creation ntawm lub pavilion cim suab paj nruas cua.

Pej thuam Catherine II

Ib tug loj pej thuam ntawm Empress Catherine II nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov ancient vajtswv poj niam txawj ntse, Minerva (Ancient Rome) uas tsim los ntawm lub sculptor nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm 1784 mus 1785. Lub Empress shrouded nyob rau hauv ancient mantle thiab surmounted los ntawm ib tug lub kaus mom hlau (tus vajtswv poj niam ntawm cwj pwm). Nws cov ntsiab lus nrog ib tug tes dag rau nws ob txhais taw rau hauv lub trophies uas symbolize lub yeej tau los ntawm nws. Lwm empress yog tuav ib tug scroll nrog luam tawm nws "rau cov welfare ntawm nws kev kawm 'kev cai. Yog li ntawd embodies lawv lub tswv yim ntawm lub zoo meej huab tais - ib tug paub qab hau legislator thiab cov Defender ntawm lub Fatherland - Kozlovskiy Mihail Ivanovich, sculptures uas dais cov stamp ntawm nws admiration rau cov tswv yim ntawm kev txawj ntse.

"Vigil Aleksandra Makedonskogo"

Marble pej thuam, ua nyob rau hauv lub 1780s, muaj ib tug complex semantic allegory. Cov duab ntawm lub glorious hero ntawm antiquity kuj tau txais kev pab raws li lub hauv paus rau lub sculptor rau embody lub hom phiaj ntawm kev kawm ntawv - kev kawm ntawv ntawm tus caum qab ntawm kev txawj ntse thiab qhov yuav ntawm hardness.

Yas tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab saum radiate tus ntsuj plig nyob ntsiag to greatness thiab noble simplicity. Xam sib txawv heev thiab proportionality, tus overflowing ntawm cov duab thiab nkhaus.

tus tub hluas lub cev raws li nws yog nyob rau hauv ib tug tsaug zog stupor, nws cov leeg xws li "hluav taws tua" lub finest marble Frosted cover, nws lub taub hau so rau hauv nws txhais tes so rau hauv nws lub hauv caug. Tab sis lub fallacy ntawm no lwm kev xav ntawm tranquility ...

sketches

Nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau yam ntawm extant drawings, feem ntau ntawm uas yog kev npaj sketches rau yav tom ntej sculptures, twb tsis siv lawv cov kev twb kev txuas nrog lub ntsiab kom pom tseeb ntawm tus tswv - nyob rau hauv ntau yam thiab ntxhais (mythology, phau Vajlugkub, lub Moo Zoo), nyob rau hauv qhov txhais tau tias ntawm artistic qhia tswv yim.

Tab sis ib tug xov tooj ntawm drawings Kozlowski Tej zaum nej yuav ntshai li ywj siab, ua kom tiav cov duab tej hauj lwm. Cov lawv yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub 1792 m "tuag Hippolytus" thiab "Theseus yoojyim Ariadne." Critics taw tes tawm tus ua yeeb yam thiab lub siab ntsws kev siv, uas "ua pa" no tej hauj lwm.

"Polycrates"

Lub sij hawm los ntawm 1788 mus 1790-th sculptor dua, nyob rau hauv Paris, qhov chaw uas nws mus rau kis tau tshiab kev paub thiab kev. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm zoo kawg li flux ntawm impressions tshwm sim los ntawm tus txheej xwm ntawm lub kiv puag ncig, ua nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm nws, yug ib tug tshiab kev tshoov siab, tshiab cov tswv yim thiab tej yam.

Revolutionary Paris sculptor raug thawb lub tswv yim yuav ua li cas zaj dab neeg ntawm cov keeb kwm ntawm ancient Greece Polycrates tuag Samos tyrant. Lus dab neeg ntawm lub sculptor Polycrates tau txais kev pab raws li ib lub hauv paus rau lub creation ntawm ib yam ntawm cov allegorical lo lus teb rau kev kawm cov txheej xwm. Daim ntawv reflected cov artist lub siab pab txhawb tus paj lug lus ntawm cov kos duab. Kom nws txawm ntau impressive. Nyob rau hauv nws cov duab puab, "Polycrates" tus tuav yog kis tau mob siab nqhis dej rau txoj kev ywj pheej, kev txom nyem thiab ib tug me kev xav ntawm doom hero.

lub embodiment ntawm sab ntsuj plig kev coj dawb huv

Nyob rau hauv 1792-m ib tug ntawm cov feem ntau zoo kawg li ua hauj lwm tiav lawm - ib tug zoo nkauj tus pej thuam uas "Tsaug zog Cupid" (marble). Tus sau tsim ib tug zoo kawg nkaus idyllic thiab harmonious txoj kev.

Nws counterpart nyob rau hauv ob peb vas yog tsim los ntawm ib tug me me pej thuam ntawm "psyche" (marble, 1801) cov duab, embodying sab ntsuj plig kev coj dawb huv, cov nostalgia ntawm unalloyed, zoo siab thaum yau.

"Xaxoo tearing tus tsov ntxhuav lub qhov ncauj"

Nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav ntawm 1800 qhov zoo tshaj plaws Lavxias teb sab masters tau coj los mus hloov cov loj loj Peterhof cascade. Ua hauj lwm twb nqa tawm tshaj rau xyoo.

Lub hauv paus qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub hom phiaj coj cov pab pawg neeg tsim Kozlovsky - "Xaxoo tearing tus tsov ntxhuav lub qhov ncauj." Nyob rau hauv cov creation ntawm tus neeg sau ntawm cov duab puab siv originated rov qab nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm Peter lub allegory nyob rau hauv uas lub biblical Xaxoo yog tus uas pom nrog St. Sampson, uas nyob rau hauv lub 18th pua yog suav hais tias yog patron neeg dawb huv ntawm Russia. Nyob rau hauv 1709, nyob rau hauv kev ua koob tsheej ntawm nws nco (Lub rau hli ntuj 27th), Lavxias teb sab zoo kawg nkaus yeej yog yeej tshaj lub Swedes nyob rau hauv lub npe nrov sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Poltava. Nyob rau hauv lub kos duab ntawm Peter kuv, Xaxoo yog tus personification ntawm lub yeej xwb Lavxias teb sab thiab tsov ntxhuav (lub hauv paus duab ntawm lub Swedish lub tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab) sawv cev yeej lub Swedish huab tais.

Nyob rau hauv tus neeg pej xeem sculptures xwm nquag tab sis tus me nyuam khi zog ntawm tus muaj hwj chim Xaxoo lub cev. Txoj siav nyob rau hauv ib qhov chaw nyob rau hauv ib tug kauv, curving lub cev thiaj li hais tias Titanic tense nqaij yog kom meej meej pom, sharply rub rov qab ko taw thiab nws lub taub hau nyo, tus hero ntawm ob txhais tes rhuav tus tsov ntxhuav lub qhov ncauj.

Soj ntsuam tau rightly taw tes qhia tawm qhov sib thooj rau cov duab puab ntawm Michelangelo lub siab. Tab sis lub ideological thiab kev cov ntsiab lus pab pawg neeg, sib sib zog nqus patriotic lawm, uas yog embodied nyob rau hauv nws cov hauj lwm Kozlovsky, Mikhail Ivanovich (yees duab puab yog cov ntawv pov thawj ntawm hais tias), mus rau lub attentive tuav yog txawv heev ncha - haiv neeg Lavxias teb sab lus npaum li cas admiration ntawm domestic keeb kwm ntawm lub siab - lig kev cai.

Xai Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm

Xai ntawm lub teb chaws keeb kwm yog cov feem ntau exciting lo lus uas peb nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm lub sculptor. Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm cov 1790s nws tsim lub pej thuam ntawm "Tub huabtais Yakhauj Dolgoruky Tearing muaj koob muaj npe cai" thiab "Hercules rau nees." Feem ntau cov puv siab los ua ib tug duab ntawm siab siab tawv thiab sab ntsuj plig nom tswv cajceg pom tau hais los ntawm lub sculptor nyob rau hauv nws monument commander A. V. Suvorovu (St. Petersburg, 1799-1801).

Lub neej triumphal monument

Leb duab, figuratively glorifying Russia thiab nws zoo commander - yog li xeeb Kozlovskiy Mihail Ivanovich monument rau Suvorov.

Ua hauj lwm pib thaum lub sij hawm lub neej ntawm tus hero. Thaum muaj hnub nyoog ntawm xya caum Generalissimo ua lub ntiaj teb no mus npuaj teg unparalleled nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm lub heroic kev hloov ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab pab tub rog tshaj lub Alps. Nyob rau hauv 63 fights nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab tsis yog ib tug tib swb, tus yeeb ncuab 619 banners tau seized los ntawm tus victors. Nto moo Italian txawv tebchaws yuav tsum yog tus Lavxias teb sab tub rog thiab xaiv yaam txuj ci Aleksandra Suvorova unfading hwjchim ci ntsa iab.

Cov neeg ua hauj lwm ntawm lub sculptor Kozlovsky ntawd los ua ib tug lub neej triumphal monument. Kev txiav txim conditioned lub ntsiab lus: tsis ua ntev heroic lub neej ntawm tus poj commander, tsis yog tus originality ntawm nws puas siab puas ntsws duab, tiam sis tsuas yog exploits nyob rau hauv lub Italian phiaj los nqis tes yuav tsum tau muab reflected nyob rau hauv tus pej thuam.

Portrait ntawm cov lus ntawm allegory

Thiab lub sculptor dua tig mus rau allegory lus. Lub teeb slender daim duab nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig pedestal - cov hluas siab tawv warrior nyob rau hauv armor, tag nrho ntawm lub hwj chim thiab rushing rau pem hauv ntej. Qhov no yog ib daim duab ntawm lub Roman Vaj tswv ua tsov ua rog Mars. Lub piav tes piav taw ntawm lub sab tes xis, tuav ib tug kos rab ntaj yog extraordinary kev txiav txim. Kwm pov tseg cloak rov qab. Zoo nkauj manly lub ntsej muag, tau hais khov kho tsa nws lub taub hau, adamant cog qoob loo thiab conquering yuav, masterfully pauv mus rau daim duab - qhov no idealized duab uas tsim los ntawm lub sculptor vajtswv ua tsov ua rog.

Nws warrior ntaub thaiv npog npog mounted qab nws thaj uas yog Sardinian thiab Neapolitan crown thiab papal tiara. Cov piv txwv txog lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov duab no yog tias Lavxias teb sab riam phom nyob rau hauv lub saib xyuas ntawm Suvorov lub Italian phiaj los nqis tes los tiv thaiv cov kev txaus siab ntawm lub teb chaws peb tuaj.

Thaum lub sab ntawm lub thaj nyob poj niam cov nuj nqis symbolizing qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm tib neeg virtues: cia siab, txoj kev ntseeg thiab kev hlub.

Nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej sab ntawm lub pedestal muaj yog ib daim duab ntawm hla laurel thiab xibtes ceg - ib lub cim ntawm commonwealth ntse heev ua tsov ua rog thiab kev sib haum xeeb.

Hero ntaub thaiv npog cia siab rau kev tsov kev rog trophies - cov tub ntxhais, rab phom banners. Cov laj kab ncig ntawm lub monument yog kev cob cog rua nrog chains exploding tej tawg hem.

Allegorical ntsiab lus muaj nyob rau hauv txhua yam ntawm tus pej thuam. Thiab lub inscription rau cov pedestal: "Tub Vaj Ntxwv ntawm ltalis, suav Suvorov Rymniksky" hais txog leej twg tsim lub monument.

High nrog qhov tseeb

Daim ntawv Kozlowski xwb vaguely hnov portrait ntsis nws tsim allegorical idealized duab ntawm ib tus hlub pej xeem hero.

Lub elongated proportions ntawm lub ntsej muag, sib sib zog nqus-set ob lub qhov muag, ib tug loj lub qhov ntswg thiab ib tug raug seem ua tem toob, me ntsis sunken lub qhov ncauj bronze vajtswv ua tsov ua rog contemporaries pom tau hais tias qhov zoo ntawm tus poj general.

Lub resemblance yog heev zim zuag thiab nyob deb npaum, sab nrauv Portrait raug yog kom meej meej tsis yog ib tug muaj feem xyuam yog tus creator ntawm cov duab puab. Pab ntseeg portrait, nws muab lub khov kho yuav thiab tag nrho cov-conquering hwj chim ntawm Suvorov. Kozlowski lus ntawm allegory - nyob rau hauv likening tus vaj tswv ua tsov ua rog - thiab lub idealized duab ntawm lub heroes ntawm tus poj Lavxias teb sab commander rau cov muaj hnub nyoog. Thiab nyob rau hauv no - siab puab qhov tseeb ntawm nws ua hauj lwm.