"Kob ntawm cov neeg tuag" - ib daim duab Arnolda Boklina. Hauj lwm thiab yees duab

Nyob rau hauv 1827 nyob rau hauv lub Swiss nroog ntawm Basel yug cov neeg pleev kob uas nws ua hauj lwm muaj ib tug zoo kawg li tej yam nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov kos duab thiab kab lis kev cai nyob rau hauv feem ntau. Lub npe Arnolda Beklina yog ib tug neeg hauv tsev neeg lub npe nyob rau hauv lub voj voog ntawm Symbolist painters thiab nto moo painting ntawm Böcklin "Lub Island ntawm cov neeg tuag" yog tus tshoov siab rau ib tug xov tooj ntawm influential nuj nqis ntawm cov kos duab lub ntiaj teb no.

Arnold Böcklin

Yav tom ntej tus tsim ntawm surrealism yug tus tub ntawm ib tug muaj nyiaj txhob lo lo ntxhuav ua lag luam Kristjan Fridriha Beklina. Arnold Böcklin tau txais artistic kev kawm nyob rau hauv Düsseldorf thiab, nyob rau hauv cov kev phem ntawm nws cov cim style thiab ntau yam kev kawm, nws raug xa mus rau Düsseldorf tsev kawm ntawv ntawm painting.

Cov xib fwb menyuam Böcklin raws li ib tug heev pheej tub ntxhais kawm ntawv thiab yog li ntawd, thaum tseem muaj ib tug me nyuam kawm ntawv, Arnold feem ntau cov kwv tij txawv teb chaws, uas yog nyob rau hauv Brussels thiab Antwerp, qhov twg cov tub ntxhais artist theej tus poj hauj lwm ntawm Dutch thiab Flemish masters. Lwm cov kev taug txoj kev mus raws li ib tug me nyuam kawm ntawv coj Beklin nyob rau hauv Paris, qhov chaw uas cov artist siv ib xyoo nyob rau ntawm lub lub Louvre.

Nyob rau hauv 1850 lub artist mus rau Rome, nyob qhov twg classical architecture, me kev nyab xeeb thiab cov nplua nuj kab lis kev cai coj nws mus rau nyob twj ywm rau xya xyoo. Nyob rau hauv ltalis Böcklin sib yuav ib lub zos tus ntxhais. Lawv muaj ib tug loj tsev neeg - 14 cov me nyuam, cov uas tsuas rau mus txog adulthood. Rau ntau yog vim li cas, cov artist thiab nws tsev neeg tsiv tsev nquag, rau tej lub sij hawm nws siv nyob rau hauv Weimar, qhov uas nws qhia painting nyob rau academy. Nyob rau hauv Basel, Böcklin kawm monumental painting rau txiav txim, ob peb xyoos dhau lub artist siv nyob rau hauv ltalis, nyob rau ntawm nws villa nyob ze Florence.

Lub cim thiab "Isle ntawm cov neeg tuag"

Thaum lub heev thaum pib ntawm nws cov hauj lwm Bocklin pleev xim rau ua hauj lwm thiab nroog architecture. Thaum lub sij hawm, nws ua hauj lwm lawm mas yuav kis mythological orientation, tab sis lub npe nrov tshaj tej hauj lwm ntawm Swiss neeg pleev kob suav nrog hom ntawv nyeem ntawm symbolism. Txawm li cas los, nws yog tseem ntse rau ua hauj lwm thiab motifs ntawm classical mythology. Piv txwv li, lub npe nrov tshaj ua hauj lwm Arnolda Beklina "Lub Island ntawm cov neeg tuag" - cov duab no yog ob qho tib si Toj roob hauv pes thiab mythological kawm, thiab txoj kev ua hauj lwm nrog complex, hnyav symbolism thiab ib tug txiav txim tus naj npawb ntawm secrets.

Nyob rau hauv daim duab nyob rau tom qab ntawm lub pos huab ntuj qhia tau hais tias ib tug me me kob, lapped los ntawm mirrored dej saum npoo. Rau cov kob loj hlob siab tsaus nti cypress ntoo, thiab lub pob zeb yog pom lub qhov, li tombs. Nyob rau cov dej saum npoo mus rau cov kob xa dav nkoj, nyob rau hauv uas muaj yog ob tug. Ib tug ntawm cov nuj nqis qhwv nyob rau hauv dawb daim ntaub, raws li yog hais tias nyob ib shroud, thiab sawv nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm ib tug dawb lub box, zoo li ib lub hleb.

Ntawm cov ntau txhais ntawm cov feem ntau nrov version yog ib yam ntawm cov kev ua si rau Greek mythology. Raws li nws, tus ntsuj plig ntawm lub ncaim heroes, xaiv ntawm cov gods thiab mas personalities tau ib qho chaw rau ib secluded kob nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm tus dej Styx. Ib tug daim duab nyob rau hauv dawb yog feem ntau xa mus rau coj lwm lub ntiaj teb Charon.

Lub ntsiab ntawm txoj kev tuag yog ib tug ntawm cov feem ntau heev nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm Böcklin. Nws yog noteworthy tias ua ntej lub "Isle ntawm cov neeg tuag" Arnold Beklin yeej tsis tau muab cov npe ntawm nws paintings, tab sis, nyob rau hauv xov xwm nrog cov qhua tuaj noj mov, cov thawj versions ntawm lub painting nws nws tus kheej hu ua nws cov hauj lwm Tuag Toteninsel. Nyob rau hauv cia li ib tug ob peb xyoos, lub artist pleev xim rau rau versions ntawm lub painting, ntawm uas tsib tau sau Beklin tus kheej, thiab lub thib rau nws sau nrog nws tus tub Carlo nyob rau hauv lub xyoo kawg ntawm nws lub neej.

Cov kev xaiv thawj

Kev txiav txim nyob rau hauv "Island ntawm cov neeg tuag" Böcklin tau txais los ntawm nws patron, philanthropist Aleksa Gyuntera. Tus thawj version ntawm cov zaj duab xis tau sau nyob rau hauv lub Florentine artist lub studio. Böcklin painting tiav nyob rau hauv 1880, tab sis, raws li nrog Leonardo "Dzhokkondoy" tsis xav kom nrog nws. Tus thawj "tuag Island" yuav nyob rau hauv lub muaj nws tus tsim kom txog thaum nws tuag.

Yog vim li cas rau qhov no txuas mus rau hauv daim duab, muaj ntau critics hu ua txoj kev tuag Beklin tus ntxhais. Tus me nyuam mos tuag nyob rau hauv 1877 thiab raug faus nyob rau hauv cov lus Askiv tojntxas nyob rau hauv lub Italian nroog ntawm Florence. Qhov no tojntxas yog cog nrog siab cypress ntoo, nyob rau hauv dab tsi cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm cov Swiss symbolist capture zoo sib xws nrog cov painting.

"Cov duab rau kev npau suav"

Thaum ua hauj lwm rau tus thawj version ntawm lub painting Florentine studio Beklin mus xyuas Maria Bern, muaj nyiaj poj ntsuam ntawm lub financier George von Bern. Tej zaum tshwm sim los ntawm cov tsis tas ua canvas, poj niam yuam kom cov artist, "painting rau tus npau suav." Rau nws Bocklin sau lub thib ob version ntawm lub "island", uas yog me me nyob rau hauv loj, sau rau ntawm ib tug ntoo vaj huam sib luag thiab yog ua nyob rau hauv ib tug txawv, ntau vibrant xim.

Nws yog noteworthy tias cov mysterious caij ntawm lub painting "Lub Isle ntawm cov neeg tuag", uas yog lub nkoj uas muaj daim duab ntawm Charon, ntxiv mus rau lub muaj pes tsawg leeg rau ntawm qhov kev thov ntawm Marii Berna, quaj ntsuag nws tus txiv. Tom qab ntawd Böcklin dorisoval nkoj tsis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub thib ob version ntawm daim duab, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv lub hauv av.

Tom qab kev tuag ntawm tus hluas nkauj ntawm lub thib ob version ntawm lub "Island ntawm cov neeg tuag" painting tau muab rau cov gallery nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Lucerne, qhov twg nws yuav lub Gotfrida Kellera Foundation. Niaj hnub no, qhov no nto moo painting tshaaj ntawm lub New York Tsev khaws puav pheej "Tsam".

Mural Fritz Gurlita

Peb, cov feem ntau nrov version ntawm lub painting yog commissioned los ntawm ib tug collector Fritz Gurlitom. Nws yog ib yam li cov thawj ob, tau pleev xim rau hauv Florence thiab twb nyob rau hauv 1883. Nws yog lub teeb ntawm cov uas twb version ntawm daim duab. Dhau li ib tug sib zog teev, peb version ntawm "Islands" yog yus muaj los ntawm dynamism - lub saum ntawm slender cypress ntoo khoov nyob rau hauv cov cua, thiab cov dej saum npoo yog tsis raws li daim iav.

Qhov no version yog tus nrov tshaj plaws vim rau qhov tseeb hais tias nws yog nrog nws tau ua Maksom Klingerom zoo etching, uas Frits Gurlit luam reproductions. Qhov kawg ntawm XIX - thaum ntxov XX centuries, cov reproductions twb nrov heev nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees, qhov twg zam rau lawv tuaj nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws. Niaj hnub no Laus National Gallery nyob rau hauv Berlin exhibits thawj paintings nyob rau hauv lub ruaj khov sau.

Nyiaj txiag teeb meem, thiab cov plaub version ntawm daim duab

Ib xyoo tom qab kawm tiav ntawm peb embodiment ntawm lub "Island ntawm cov neeg tuag" Beklin heev heev tsev neeg khiav mus rau hauv nyiaj txiag teeb meem, prompting cov artist sau lwm version ntawm nws feem ntau nrov paintings, uas nws muab muag rau tus naas ej collector Baron Hans Thyssen-Bornemisza de Cason.

Raws li ntaub ntawv rau lub plaub version Bocklin siv tooj liab thiab roj xim. Thov txim, qhov no daim duab yuav tsis ciaj sia hauv ob ntiaj teb ua tsov ua rog thiab raug puam tsuaj, tej zaum nyob rau hauv Berlin los yog Rotterdam. Nws tsuas yog dub thiab dawb photography.

Canvas rau Fine Arts Tsev khaws puav pheej nyob rau hauv Leipzig

Ob xyoos tom qab, Böcklin rov qab mus rau lub "Island ntawm cov neeg tuag." Cov painting yog commissioned los ntawm lub tsev cia puav pheej ntawm Fine Arts, lub German nroog ntawm Leipzig. Nws yog noteworthy tias qhov no lub sij hawm cov artist xaiv tempera roj xim.

Nyob rau hauv lub thib tsib daim duab no yog kom meej meej pom rower, coj lub nkoj mus rau cov kob, dua li lub nkoj nws tus kheej yog npaum li cas los ze zog mus rau lub hom phiaj, raws li muab piv nrog rau lwm cov plaub xaiv. Nws yog nthuav tias thaum lub sij hawm yooj yim pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub "Island ntawm cov neeg tuag" tseem tib yam nyob rau hauv txhua version muaj ib tug txawv me me qhov chaw. Cov xim tswvyim rau paintings, dhau lawm, yog sib txawv.

Painting "Isle ntawm cov neeg tuag" nyob rau hauv lub Hermitage

Qhov thib rau version ntawm lub painting Arnolda Beklina, uas yog nyob rau hauv ib tug private collection, tab sis lub tso rau neeg nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg Hermitage, yog lub feem ntau obscure. Tej zaum vim sau ntawv ntawm lub thib tsib thiab thib rau embodiments ntawm "Island ntawm cov neeg tuag" Twb dhau yuav luag tsib xyoo. Nws yog nthuav tias qhov no version Bocklin sau nyob rau hauv kev koom tes nrog nws tus tub Carlo nyob rau hauv lub xyoo kawg ntawm nws lub neej.

Kev cai tshwm sim ntawm nws lub sij hawm

Los ntawm ib tug coj txawv txawv coincidence, qhov no yog hauv daim duab ntawm Böcklin los ua ib tug cult zaj duab xis ntawm nws lub sij hawm. Nws yog ib lub "Island ntawm cov neeg tuag" - painting, uas tau coj nws sau ib tug lub neej ntawm koob meej. Nyob rau hauv tej yam kev cai voj voog Beklin zoo deified los ntawm kev hu mus rau "tshiab era ntawm Michelangelo."

Raws li contemporaries, "Isle ntawm cov neeg tuag" - ib daim duab, hu ua ib feem ntawm lub sab hauv raws li cov advanced cov hluas thiab cov kev cai intelligentsia, thiab lub xeev hinterland thaum pib ntawm lub XX caug xyoo.

Reproductions ntawm lub thib peb embodiment ntawm paintings tawg khiav ri niab tag nrho cov thoob teb chaws Europe. Admirer ntawm Bocklin, uas yog, tus "Island ntawm cov neeg tuag" yog tus loj tshaj kev cai thiab keeb kwm nuj nqis. Apollinaire, Clemenceau, Freud, Dali, Kandinsky thiab Rachmaninoff raug ntaus los ntawm tej yam yees siv cua ntawm daim duab thiab nws cov feem nyob rau hauv cov neeg tuaj saib. Cov kev xaiv thib peb twb nrhiav tau los ntawm Adolf Hitler thiab dai nyob rau hauv lub Reich Chancellery.

"Kob ntawm cov neeg tuag" - ib daim duab uas tau ua ib qhov chaw ntawm kev tshoov siab rau ntau ntau lwm yam hauj lwm ntawm cov kos duab nyob rau hauv painting, thiab nyob rau hauv cov suab paj nruag, zaj duab xis, paj huam thiab duab puab.