Hom neeg xaiv nom systems: zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo

Qhov kuaj pom ntawm ib tug kev ywj pheej tsoom fwv tshaj tawm muab rau xaiv ntawm cov pom kev xaiv tsa system. Nyob ntawm seb yuav ua li cas lub koom haum, lub sij hawm tus txheej txheem rau lub xeev kev tswj txaus qhia, paub qhov txawv hom ntawm neeg xaiv nom systems: proportional, majoritarian, thiab mixed. Tab sis dab tsi yog qhov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm ntau yam, dab tsi yog lawv zoo thiab tsis zoo? Wb sim xav txog.

Tswvyim thiab hom neeg xaiv nom tshuab

Raws li sau tseg ua ntej lawm, kev cai ywj pheej implies hais tias ib feem ntawm cov tub ceev xwm (los yog sovereignty) xa cov neeg mus rau lawv cov neeg sawv cev. Qhov no tus txheej txheem no nqa tawm ncaj qha los yog kov. Direct hloov txheej txheem yog raws li nyob rau hauv kev xaiv tsa, thiab kov - los ntawm lub yav tas los xaiv cov neeg sawv cev (xws li cov thawj tswj kev xaiv tsa nyob rau hauv ib tug parliamentary koom pheej los yog txoj kev primaries).

Raws li ib tug txoj cai, ib tug kev ywj pheej lub xeev, muaj ib tug cev ntawm kev cai lij choj uas governs tus txheej txheem ntawm Identify ib feem ntawm lub hwjchim kav. Nws muaj xws li cov kev cai thiab cov tswv yim uas yuav tsum tau yuav paub raws li tsim nyog, thiab cov uas raug tsim raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm qhov tseeb cov tub ceev xwm. Tag nrho cov saum toj no ua rau yus mus rau lub xaus:

Cov neeg xaiv nom system - ib tug hais, raws li txoj cai hais tseg txheej txheem ntawm xaiv tus neeg sawv cev lub cev.

Cov ntau hom tswv yim thiab cov kev cai tso cai rau peb neeg hauv qab no hom ntawm neeg xaiv nom systems: proportional, majoritarian, thiab mixed.

Lub proportional system yog yus muaj los ntawm ib tug tshaj plaws kev saib xyuas ntawm cov views ntawm lub electorate. Lub essence ntawm no hom lus dag nyob rau hauv lub fact tias cov neeg xaiv tsa muab lawv votes rau ob tog koom tes nyob rau hauv kev xaiv tsa. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv thawj qhov chaw muaj lub koob npe nrov ntawm cov neeg sab nrauv raws li ib tug tag nrho thiab tsis yog cov tswv cuab. Lub tog kos mloog mus rau electoral daim ntawv teev cov tog neeg, sawv cev rau kev txaus siab ntawm cov xaiv tsa nyob rau hauv lub xaiv lub cev ntawm lub hwj chim. Tsis tas li ntawd rau no hom ntawm lub tsev lag luam yog yus muaj los ntawm "qhov kev xaiv tsa chaw pib" nyob rau hauv cov kev xaiv tsa. Xws li ib tug txoj cai tso cai rau lub tso cai ntawm lub loj tshaj plaws kev tog. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg hais tias nyob ntawm cov kev cai ntawm lub xeev, lub Harbor tau teem raws li ib tug 1% (raws li, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv Ixayees) thiab 12% (Sweden). Qhov no txhais tau tias cov neeg sab nrauv, uas tau txais ib tug pov npav ntawm ib tug me me feem pua ntawm cov electorate pab koj tu siab, tsis dhau nyob rau hauv lub xaiv lub cev thiab dialed nws lub suab mus rau cov neeg ob tog dhau no pib. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias hloov cov txheej txheem yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv kev faib ua feem rau cov xov tooj dialed pov ntawv xaiv tsa sympathies. Li no lub npe ntawm tus system.

Feem ntau. Tsis zoo li cov thawj tsis yog raws li nyob rau hauv lub koob npe nrov ntawm cov neeg sab nrauv, tab sis nyob rau koj tus kheej zoo ntawm tus neeg sib tw nominated los ntawm nws. Cov kev xaiv tsa yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub thiaj li hu ua "ib leeg-neeg ntawv." Ntxiv mus, rau tej yam ib tug constituency tog Nominates ib tus neeg sawv cev. Kev xaiv tsa muab qhov chaw nyob rau hauv ob ua sawv: nyob rau hauv thawj ob favorites yog txiav txim nyob rau hauv lub thib ob - tom ntej no sawv cev ntawm ib leeg-txib ntawv.

Ib tug tov system. Cov tsos ntawm nws yog vim tus neeg txhaum ntawm thawj ob lub hom. Raws li ib tug dav dav txoj cai, States uas tau txais no hom, siv cia li tshuab ob - thiab proportional thiab majoritarian.

Hom neeg xaiv nom tshuab - lub shortcomings

Nom tswv kws tshawb fawb thiab kev cai lij choj kws tshawb fawb tau muab sau tseg tias kev siv ntawm xwb feem ntau los yog proportional tshuab tsuas ua rau yus lub creation ntawm ib co ntawm cov teeb meem.

Thaum fastening thiab ua tau hauj lwm ntawm xwb feem ntau system txhaum ib tug ntawm cov ntxwv yooj yim ntawm kev cai ywj pheej - "noj mus rau hauv tus account lub tswv yim ntawm cov feem ntau mus cov haiv neeg tsawg txoj hauj lwm." Yog kev hais tias ib tug yeej nyob rau hauv kev xaiv tsa yog rau tus neeg uas sau 50% ntxiv rau ib tug pov npav. Nws yog to taub hais tias yog tus khiav yuav coj mus rau hauv tus account nyob rau hauv lawv cov kev ua ub no hauv lub tswv yim ntawm qhov seem uas cov neeg xaiv tsa.

Nyob rau hauv sib piv rau qhov no tsis muaj peev xwm proportional system ua hauj lwm. Tab sis nws tsis yog flawless. Nws lub ntsiab drawback tshwm tau cov teeb ntawm ob tog uas yeej kev xaiv tsa. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no qhia ib tug tiag tiag nom tswv qhov teeb meem, nws muaj peev xwm tsim ib tug teeb meem no nyob rau hauv uas nws yuav tsis yooj yim sua mus xaiv ib tug thawj tswj hwm (piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv ib tug parliamentary koom pheej) los yog tsim tau ib cov tsoom fwv.

Cov neeg xaiv nom systems yuav compensated tsuas los ntawm kev siv lub thib peb hom - ib tug tov kev xaiv tsa txoj kev. Thiab ntau yam ntxiv thiab ntau lub teb chaws yog inclined siv nws, nrog rau cov Lavxias teb sab Federation.

Hom neeg xaiv nom systems nyob rau hauv lub Lavxias teb sab Federation

Nyob ntawm seb uas lub cev yog tsim, lub RF cai siv txawv txoj kev xaiv tsa. Yog li ntawd, nws yog siv los txiav txim seb tus RF Thawj Tswj Hwm nyob rau hauv lub feem ntau system. Nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm lub State Duma - mixed, thiab mus rau lub Federation Council - lub nomination ntawm lub taub hau ntawm lub PatientsÕ thiab executive tub ceev xwm ntawm lub Federation.

Nyob rau hauv lem, yaam kws ntawm lub federation zoo li siv ib tug tov system, yam ntxwv ntawm lub xeev Duma. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, 50% yuav tsum yog raug xaiv los ntawm cov feem ntau system, 50% - los ntawm lub proportional. Li ntawd, cov hom ntawm neeg xaiv nom systems nyob rau hauv lub Lavxias teb sab Federation sawv cev los ntawm ob hom - feem ntau thiab mixed. Xws li ib tug mus kom ze yog vim lub tswv yim yuav tsum tau rau zoo tsim ntawm lub cev nyob rau hauv semi koom pheej txhais tau tias thiab lub Lavxias teb sab Federation.

Ntsiab lus tag nrho cov saum toj no, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg: lub tswvyim thiab hom neeg xaiv nom tshuab ua si ib qho tseem ceeb heev luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm tsoom fwv thiab cov kev hloov ntawm lub hwj chim sawv cev thiab cov kev tswj ntawm lub tej xwm txheej ntawm lub teb chaws.