Georgia: Lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub chaw uas zoo heev tsis muaj Abkhazia thiab South Ossetia

Ib tug ntawm cov South Caucasus lub teb chaws yog Georgia. Lub cheeb tsam ntawm ib ncig ntawm uas lub xeev rau cov dab neeg tsis tau ib zaug hloov. Thiab tam sim no lub teb chaws no yog tswj los ntawm tsis muaj txhais tau tias tag nrho cov av thov los ntawm. Cuaj kaum, nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev rau cov ntaub ntawv yog ua tau tswj cheeb tsam yuav tshwm sim li Georgia. Cheeb Tsam chaw uas zoo heev tsis muaj Abkhazia thiab South Ossetia yog tseem ntau zoo ib yam nrog rau lub txoos teeb meem no. Qhia rau peb paub yog dab tsi cheeb tsam ntawm lub teb chaws tsis muaj cov republics thiab yuav ua li cas nws lub teb chaws yog tsim.

Lub keeb kwm ntawm lub teb chaws ntawm Georgia

Ib tug ntawm cov hiob lub xeev nyob rau hauv Transcaucasia yog Georgia. Lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub teb chaws no tau hloov zuj zuj tshaj ntau pua xyoo, thiab txawm millennia.

Tus thawj lub xeev nyob rau hauv Georgia nyob rau hauv antiquity. Nws yog Colchis (yuav tsum vov lub Dub hiav txwv tub tiv thaiv) thiab Iberia (rau ntawm qhov chaw). Tsis ntev los no, lub xeev tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua III BC Nws twb nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub teb chaws thiab yog lub nucleus ntawm uas Georgia tsim nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej.

Lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub xeev no yog kwv yees li ib nrab ntawm cov Georgian chaw uas zoo heev. Nyob rau hauv tom qab qhov chaw Iberia pib yuav tsum tau xa mus rau raws li lub nceeg vaj ntawm Kartli. Nyob rau hauv I. BC kav cov vaj ntxwv ntawm Iberia thiab Colchis paub txog lawv yuav tsum vam rau Rome. Nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm IV xyoo pua BC nyob rau hauv Kartli (Iberia), cov ntseeg Vajtswv ua lub xeev kev ntseeg.

Pua xyoo tom qab, lub teb chaws ntawm Georgia twb zoo muab faib ua aav ntawm lub hwj ntawm Byzantium (Colchis) thiab Persia (Iberia). Tej zaum txawm cov chaw ua poob lawm lawv muaj kev ywj pheej thiab yog ib feem ntawm lub saum toj no hais lub xeev. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm VII xyoo pua rau cov koom pheej tsum yeej xwb Persia thiab feem ntau ntawm Georgia. Tshab plaws kom tshem tau ntawm cov koom pheej Georgians tswj xwb nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua X.

Tab sis tom qab liberation ntawm lub koom pheej Georgia yog ib tug ntau ntawm cov neeg sab nraud lub xeev. Muab lawv mus rau hauv ib lub hwj chim yog tau rulers ntawm lub Bagratuni Dynasty, uas yog Ameslikas cov kev cai nyob rau hauv lub nceeg vaj ntawm Tao Klarjeti. Kav cov vaj ntxwv ntawm no dynasty twb tau mus ntiab tawm hauv lub koom pheej ntawm Tbilisi thiab ua kom qhov lub nroog raws li lawv lub peev. Tom qab ntawd, lawv koom ua ke tag nrho ib ncig ntawm tam sim no-hnub Georgia, thiab txawm acceded mus rau hauv av, tsis yog nyob rau hauv lub niaj hnub Georgian lub xeev.

Qhov loj tshaj hwj chim ntawm Georgia mas yuav kis tau nyob rau hauv King David lub Builder thiab poj huab tais Tamara (XII-XIII xyoo pua), thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm ib tug vassal muaj leej twg paub txawm yog cov emperors ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman ntawm Trebizond. Nws yog tus golden hnub nyoog ntawm nom tswv lub hwj chim thiab kab lis kev cai puas tau ntsib Georgia. Lub cheeb tsam ntawm nws ib cheeb tsam mus deb tshaj li cov kev txwv ntawm hnub no lub ciam teb rau lwm.

Tab sis tsis muaj dab tsi kav mus ib txhis. Tom qab lub Golden muaj hnub nyoog pib tuag strife ntawm cov neeg ntawm qhov kev txiav txim lub tsev. Georgian lub xeev hwj huam tau shaken Mongol ntxeem tau nyob rau hauv lub 20-ies ntawm lub XIII xyoo pua. Nyob rau hauv hnub kawg, tus Georgian kav cov vaj ntxwv pom tau hais tias vassal ntawm lub Mongols thiab pom zoo them tribute. Thaum kawg crushed lub teb Georgian lub xeev ib tug series ntawm conquests ntawm Central Esxias kav Tamerlane. Cov mus ua si coj mus rau lub teb qaug ntawm lub Georgian kev khwv nyiaj txiag thiab nws cov disintegration rau hauv ob peb nrog ywj siab lub xeev. Thaum lub sij hawm, feem ntau ntawm cov principalities yuav tsum tau paub txog lub vassal ntawm lub Ottoman Empire los yog lub Persian faj tim teb chaws Safavid. Nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm Georgia tuav lub nriaj ntawm cov ob tug poj monarchies. Nyob rau hauv lub kawg, kev sib haum xeeb treaty tau kos npe nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub XVI caug xyoo, lub nqi zog ntawm Kakheti thiab Kartli cheeb tsam tau muab rau Persia, thiab Imereti - lub Ottomans.

Nyob rau hauv lub XVII xyoo pua nyob rau hauv lub Caucasus pom ib tug tshiab haib lub xeev - lub Lavxias teb sab teb chaws Ottoman. Nyob rau hauv ib tug series ntawm kev tsov kev rog nrog lub Ottoman Empire thiab Persia nws tsim tswj npaum li cas ntawm cov Caucasus. Meanwhile, Kartli thiab Kakheti nqi zog koom rau hauv ib lub xeev. Tus kav ntawm lub teb chaws As Mes nceeg Kartli-Kakheti Heraclius II tau txais nyob rau hauv 1783 lub Lavxias teb sab pej xeem. Thiab nyob rau hauv 1801, tom qab kev tuag ntawm Georgia tus tom ntej huab tais ntawm Kartli-Kakheti xeev kawg ib feem ntawm Lavxias teb sab teb chaws Ottoman.

Tam sim no, raws li ib feem ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman, cov niaj hnub Georgian territories yog ib feem ntawm lub Tiflis thiab Kutaisi xeev, roughly sib haum mus rau hauv ib ncig ntawm Kartli-Kakheti thiab Imereti kingdoms, raws li zoo raws li lub Batumi cheeb tsam.

Tsim ntawm lub Georgian lub xeev nyob rau hauv niaj hnub ciam teb rau lwm

Georgia cheeb tsam, roughly coinciding nrog nws tam sim no ib thaj tsam, pib yuav tsum tau tsim nyob rau tom qab lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm lub monarchy nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws nyob rau hauv 1917. Twb tau nyob rau lub kaum ib hlis 1917 nyob rau hauv Tiflis (niaj hnub Tbilisi) twb sau Transcaucasian Commissariat, uas yog ib tug coalition ntawm xeev ntawm Transcaucasia tsoom fwv (Georgia, Armenia thiab Azerbaijan).

Nyob rau hauv lub Plaub Hlis 1918, Transcaucasian ywj pheej Federative koom pheej yog tsim los pab rau lub hauv paus ntawd. Tab sis nyob rau hauv Tej zaum, nyob rau hauv siab los ntawm lub Turkish tsoom fwv yog muab faib ua peb ywj siab republics, yog ib tus uas yog tus pheej ywj pheej ntawm Georgia. Lub cheeb tsam ntawm ib ncig ntawm lub State npog tsis tau tsuas yog cov niaj hnub Georgia thiab Abkhazia thiab South Ossetia, raws li zoo raws li qhov chaw ntawm Armenia thiab Qaib Cov Txwv. Nws yog los ntawm lub hwj chim no yog lub statehood ntawm niaj hnub Georgia.

Txawm li cas los, nws ntawd kub ntev li ib tug luv luv lub sij hawm. Twb tau nyob rau 1921, lub Bolshevik troops nyob Georgia. Muaj tsim lub Georgian Soviet Socialist koom pheej nrog lub peev nyob rau hauv Tbilisi. Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo Adjara SSR twb qhia raws li lub ntsiab ntawm tus GSPC. Raws li lub xaus ntawm lub Union Treaty, lub Abkhazian SSR yog ib feem ntawm Georgia, thiab ib xyoos tom qab tsim lwm Authority - South Ossetian Autonomous Region. Tsis tas li ntawd nyob rau hauv 1922 lub Georgian SSR, Armenian SSR thiab Azerbaijan SSR tsim ib tug federation - TSFSR. Qhov kawg ntawm xyoo 1922, lub xeem yog ib feem ntawm lub USSR. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv 1936 TSFSR twb disbanded thiab tag nrho peb republics uas yog ib feem ntawm no lub koom haum, nrog rau Georgia, yog cov ncaj kawm ntawm lub USSR.

Nyob rau hauv lub lig 80-ies ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, Georgia yog ib tug ntawm cov thawj republics taws rau Secession los ntawm lub USSR. Qhov no twb tau teev los ntawm lub Supreme Council ntawm lub koom pheej nyob rau hauv 1989, thaum Soviet troops tsoo ib tug rally, demanded Georgia lub Secession los ntawm lub Soviet Union. Nyob rau hauv lub Plaub Hlis 1991, Georgia tshaj tawm hais tias nws ua tiav kev sib cais los ntawm lub Soviet Union.

Tab sis lub autonomous ib ncig ntawm lub Georgian SSR - Abkhaz ASSR thiab lub South Ossetian Autonomous District, xav tias kheev lam nyob twj ywm nyob rau hauv lub USSR. Qhov no coj mus rau ib tug teeb meem ntawm Georgia thiab cov tub rog ntawm cov republics. Ua tsov ua rog yuav tsum nres xwb nyob rau hauv xyoo 1993, los ntawm qhov kev sib kho ntawm Russia thiab cov txiag ntawm peacekeeping contingent. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, South Ossetia thiab Abkhazia ua ywj siab lub xeev, txawm hais tias yam raug cai no fact tsis tau paub los ntawm txhua lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Georgia txuas ntxiv mus nyeem cov ntaub ntawv rau nws lub teb chaws.

Cov niaj hnub nyob ntev

Nyob rau hauv 2008, ib tug tshiab armed teeb meem tsoo tawm ntawm Georgia nyob rau hauv ib tes, thiab Abkhazia thiab South Ossetia, thiab Russia - nyob rau lwm yam. Raws li kev soj ntsuam ntawm qhov teeb meem, Georgia tau ua poob lawm tswj South Ossetia thiab Abkhazia, uas yog tus nom lub xeev paub los ntawm Russia.

Nyob rau hauv no tsim ntawm lub chaw uas zoo heev ntawm Georgia nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug daim ntawv raws li nws tshwm sim tam sim no, nws twb tau ua kom tiav. Uas yog vim li cas hnub no yog coj mus rau hauv tus account thaum xam xyuas qhov chaw ntawm Georgia tsis Abkhazia thiab South Ossetia.

Lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub chaw uas zoo heev ntawm Georgia

Tam sim no nws yog lub sij hawm tsis tau paub dab tsi Georgia cheeb tsam nyob rau hauv square meters. km tsis Abkhazia thiab South Ossetia. Yog li ntawd, paub qhov lus teb rau lo lus nug no.

Tag nrho cov cheeb tsam ntawm Georgia nrog tag nrho cov cheeb tsam rau cov uas nws neeg pab leg ntaubntawv yog 69,7 thous. Km ^2. Raws li qhov ntsuas no lub teb chaws occupies 119th qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Tiam sis peb yog feem ntau xav nyob rau hauv lub Georgia cheeb tsam nyob rau hauv square meters. km. tsis muaj South Ossetia thiab Abkhazia.

Muab hais tias lub teb chaws ntawm Abkhazia yog 8.6 txhiab km ^2, thiab lub chaw uas zoo heev ntawm South Ossetia - .. 3.9 txhiab km ^2, nws yog ib qho yooj yim los mus laij lawv tag nrho cheeb tsam - 12.5 txhiab km ^{2 ..} Yog li, Georgia thaj tsam tsis cov ntaub ntawv cheeb tsam ntawm 57,2 txhiab. ^Km2. Qhov no yog qhov 122 th qhov chaw rau tag nrho cov haiv neeg ntawm lub ntiaj teb no.

pejxeem

Peb pom Georgia nyob rau hauv lub qhov chaw ntawm kev loj. Lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub chaw uas zoo heev thiab pej xeem ntawm lub teb chaws - nws yog heev sib xyaw tsis. Yog li ntawd, muaj ib tug ua tiav daim duab, peb yuav kawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv no Transcaucasian lub teb chaws.

Tam sim no nyob hauv Npanpiloo los ntawm cov xeev nyob rau hauv 3729,5 txhiab. Residents. Ib puas thiab thirtieth qhov chaw nyob rau qhov ntsuas no occupies cov lwm tus lub teb chaws ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, Georgia. Cheeb Tsam thiab cov pej xeem ntawm lub Transcaucasian lub xeev tau muab tsis hais txog Abkhazia thiab South Ossetia.

ceev ntawm cov pejxeem

Paub tej cim no nyob rau hauv cov pej xeem thiab teb chaws cheeb tsam, nws yog ib qho yooj yim los xam, thiab cov kev ceev ntawm cov pej xeem ntawm Georgia. Thaum lub caij nws yog 68 cov neeg. 1 sq. km.

Kev sib piv, tus ceev ntawm pejxeem nyob rau hauv lub nyob sib ze lub teb chaws Azerbaijan thiab Armenia yog, ntsig txog, 111 thiab 101,5 neeg / sq. M. km. Yog li, tus nqi nyob rau hauv Georgia yog tsawg tshaj li uas ntawm neighboring lub teb chaws.

Muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov pejxeem

Tam sim no cia saib lub haiv neeg thiab kev cai dab qhuas muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov pejxeem nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm Georgia, uas yog, cov neeg occupying ib cheeb tsam ntawm lub teb chaws.

Yog haiv neeg Georgians. Roos lawv 83,4% ntawm tag nrho cov neeg nyob ntawm Georgia tsis suav Abkhazia thiab South Ossetia. Qhov no characterizes nws raws li ib tug lub teb chaws nrog ib tug tseem ceeb predominance ntawm ib haiv neeg. Qhov thib ob qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub xov tooj ntawm nyob ib Azerbaijanis - 6.7%, ua raws li los ntawm Armenian - 5.7%. Tab sis lub Lavxias teb sab yog twb lagging nyob rau hauv lub xov tooj ntawm haiv neeg uas muaj npe saum toj no. Lawv qhia no tsuas yog 1.9%. Ossetians nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws ntawm li 1%.

Tag nrho lwm cov haiv neeg uas nyob Georgia, tsawg tshaj li 1% ntawm tag nrho cov pejxeem. Cov no muaj xws Yezidis (Kurds), Ukrainians, Greeks, Chechens, Avars, Kistinians, Abkhaz, Axilia thiab ib co lwm haiv neeg.

Feem coob ntawm cov Georgians muaj Orthodox Vajtswv - 83,4%. Kuj muaj ob peb kuj Muslims, mas nyob rau hauv Adjara - 10.7%. Cov lwm kev cai dab qhuas pab pawg yuav tsum faib cov parishioners ntawm lub Armenian Apostolic, Catholic, Protestant, Yezidis, Yehauvas cov Timkhawv, cov neeg Yudais.

administrative division

Tam sim no cia tus paub dab tsi lub hwv units faib niaj hnub Georgia. Lub xeev no yeej muaj 9 npoo (mhare), ib tug siv yooj yim koom pheej (Adjara) thiab ib lub nroog ntawm lub teb chaws tseem ceeb (Tbilisi). Tsis tas li ntawd, raws li txoj cai ib feem ntawm Georgia nyob rau hauv raws li nws txoj cai, lub AP muaj xws li Abkhazia, tab sis nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb rau hauv ib ncig ntawm Georgia tsis tswj.

Daim ntawv teev cov lub cuaj npoo raws li nram no: Samtskhe-Javakheti, Racha-Lechkhumi thiab Lower Svaneti, Imereti, Guria, Samegrelo-Upper Svaneti, Kakheti, Mtskheta-Mtianeti, Shida Kartli, Kvemo Kartli.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, tus thawj tswj chav nyob ntawm ib tug ntau dua kev txiav txim (npoo thiab siv yooj yim republics), raug muab faib mus rau hauv kev tswj chav nyob ntawm sab kev txiav txim (chaw thiab lub zos ntawm Republican (regional) tus nqi). Thaum lub caij, lub cai nyob rau hauv Georgia ruaj lub xub ntiag ntawm 67 chaw thiab kaum plaub lub zos ntawm lub regional tseem ceeb. Tab sis nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb nyob rau hauv cov kev tswj ntawm Georgia no tsuas yog 59 chaw thiab 11 marginal settlements.

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg hais tias kev tswj cov chaw, uas yog tam sim no raug xa mus rau raws li chaw, tau hu ua, raws li nyob rau hauv lub Soviet Union, chaw kom txog rau thaum 2006.

Lub cheeb tsam ntawm tus neeg cov cheeb tsam ntawm Georgia

Tam sim no cia tus paub dab tsi lub teb chaws yog nyob tos chaw, uas yog ib feem ntawm cov pej xeem txoj kev kawm ntawv raws li Georgia. Lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub Autonomous koom pheej ntawm Adjara, nrog nws capital nyob rau hauv Batumi, uas yog nyob rau hauv cov huab sab qab teb-sab hnub poob ntawm Georgia, yog 2.9 txhiab. Km ^2.

Ntug ntawm Samegrelo-Upper Svaneti yog nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb-sab ntawm Georgia, nyob rau hauv ciam teb nrog Abkhazia rau hauv ib ncig ntawm 7.4 txhiab. Km ^2. Lub ntsiab nroog ntawm lub cheeb tsam ntawm Zugdidi.

Cov thawj tswj centre yog lub nroog ntawm lub ntug ntawm Guria Ozurgeti. Qhov no hwv tsev muaj thaj tsam ntawm 2.0 txhiab. Km ² thiab yog nyob rau hauv sab qab teb-sab hnub poob ntawm lub teb chaws.

Ntug ntawm Racha-Lechkhumi thiab Lower Svaneti yog nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb ntawm lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws ntawm 4.6 txhiab. Km ^2. Lub ntsiab lub zos muaj lub nroog ntawm Ambrolauri.

Ntug, uas nws lub npe sau raws nkaus Ii lub npe ntawm tus ancient kingdom ntawm Imereti, muaj thaj tsam ntawm 6.6 txhiab. Km ² thiab yog nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ib feem ntawm Georgia nrog ib tug ua haujlwm rau sab hnub poob. Cov thawj tswj centre ntawm lub cheeb tsam, hauv lub nroog ntawm Kutaisi.

Thaj av nrog ib tug complex hu ua Samtskhe-Javakheti muaj thaj tsam sib npaug zos rau 6.4 thous. Km ^2. Nyob rau ntawm ntug ntawm sab qab teb ntawm lub teb chaws. Lub ntsiab lub zos ntawm Akhaltsikhe no.

Ntug Shida Kartli muaj thaj tsam ntawm 4.8 txhiab. ^Km2. Lub ntsiab lub zos nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam - Gori. Nws yog ib thaj av nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb-central Georgia nyob rau ciam nrog South Ossetia. Nyob rau hauv cov kev cai ntawm Georgia, txog ib nrab ntawm ib ncig ntawm lub thaj av ntawd yog cia li sab qab teb Ossetian av, thiab feem ntau ntawm South Ossetia yog ib feem ntawm nws yog lub ntug ntawm Shida Kartli. Tab sis muab xam rau ntawm lub cheeb tsam ntawm no cheeb tsam, peb coj mus rau hauv tus account xwb lub teb chaws, uas yog ua tau tswj los ntawm cov Georgian tub ceev xwm.

Lub cheeb tsam nrog lub poetic npe ntawm tus Mtskheta-Mtianeti ib thaj chaw qhov loj ntawm 6.8 txhiab. Km ^2, nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb-sab hnub tuaj Georgia, tiam sis ua tau lwm yam 5.8 thous. Km ^2, raws li yog tus so ntawm lub chaw uas zoo heev ntawm South Ossetia. Lub ntsiab lub zos ntawm thaj av ntawd - Mtskheta.

Ntug Kvemo Kartli yog nyob rau hauv sab qab teb-sab hnub tuaj Georgia. Nws muaj ib tug cheeb tsam sib npaug zos rau 6.5 txhiab. ^Km2. Cov thawj tswj centre - Rustavi.

Kakheti Thaj av yog nyob rau hauv lub feem ntau sab hnub tuaj ib feem ntawm lub teb chaws. Nws muaj ib tug loj sib npaug zos rau 11,3 thous. Km ^2. Cov thawj tswj centre yog lub nroog ntawm Telavi no.

Lub nroog ntawm lub teb chaws tseem ceeb Tbilisi kuj muaj nws tus kheej lub teb chaws. Nws, ntawm chav kawm, me npaum li cas hauv cheeb tsam npoo thiab tsuas yog 720 km ^2. Tag nrho cov ntawm cov neeg nyob rau hauv lub capital ntawm Georgia yog 1.1 lab. Cov neeg. Lub nroog yog nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ib feem ntawm lub xeev nrog ib tug offset rau sab qab teb.

Yog li, raws li pom nyob rau hauv qhov loj tshaj plaws cheeb tsam yog cov ntug cov cheeb tsam ntawm Georgia Kahetija (11.3 txhiab. Km ²⁾ thiab lub-edge Samegrelo Svanetiya (7.4 th. ² km). Tus me tshaj ntawm ib ncig ntawm lub cheeb tsam ntawm Georgia, tsis muaj kev xav txog lub nroog ntawm Tbilisi State qhov tseem ceeb, Guria Koog (2.0 thous. Km ²⁾ thiab Adjara Autonomous koom pheej (2.9 thous. Km ^2).

Zuag qhia tag nrho xaus

Peb paub tias dab tsi lub Georgia cheeb tsam nyob rau hauv txhiab. Km2. Nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim no qhia yuav tsum tau paub ib tug tseem ceeb heev tshaj plaws. Muaj cov chaw uas teev tseg raws li cov Tbilisi tsoom fwv los mus Georgian, tab sis hais tias tsis tau tswj Georgia. Lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub teb chaws, ntsig txog, nyob rau hauv lub Georgian qhov chaw yog siab dhau heev lawm nyob rau hauv kev sib piv nrog rau lub tiag tiag lub xeev txog tej yam uas.

Yog li, peb pom tias thaum lub caij cov cheeb tsam ntawm lub teb chaws, tsis muaj kev xav txog ua tau tshwm South Ossetia thiab Abkhazia, yog 57,2 txhiab. Km ^2.