Ethanol - yog dab tsi? Thaj chaw ntawm ethanol. Kev siv ntawm ethanol

Ethanol - dab tsi yog cov khoom no? Yuav ua li cas yog nws siv thiab yuav ua li cas nws yog ua? Ethanol yog zoo dua paub rau tag nrho cov nyob rau hauv ib tug txawv lub npe - haus dej cawv. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, qhov no yog tsis nkaus muaj tseeb los. Tab sis nyob rau hauv lub meantime, nws yog ib lo lus "cawv" peb txhais tau hais tias "ethanol". Peb pog koob yawg koob paub txog nws lub neej. Lawv npaj los ntawm tus fermentation txheej txheem nws. Nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm nyob txawv cov khoom los ntawm cereals rau txiv hmab txiv ntoo. Tab sis lub resulting Braga, cia li hu ua nyob rau hauv lub qub cawv, tus nqi ntawm cov ethanol yuav tsum tsis txhob ntau tshaj 15 feem pua. Ntshiab cawv twb tau qhia hais tias tsuas yog tom qab kawm distillation dab.

Ethanol - yog dab tsi?

Ethanol - ib tug monoalcohol. Nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob nws yog ib tug nrov heev nthe, tsis muaj kob, txais nplaim taws kua muaj ib txog kev tsw thiab saj. Ethanol yog dav siv nyob rau hauv kev lag luam, cov tshuaj thiab lub neej txhua hnub. Nws yog ib qho zoo heev tshuaj tua kab mob. Lub cawv siv raws li ib tug roj thiab raws li ib tug hnyav. Tab sis feem ntau ntawm tag nrho cov ethanol mis C2H5OH paub kiv cua ntawm dej cawv haus. Qhov no yog qhov twg no yam khoom uas yog lug siv. Tab sis tsis txhob hnov qab tias haus dej haus cawv li cov active tivthaiv ntawm dej cawv haus yog ib tug muaj zog depressant. Nws yog ib tug psychoactive yam khoom uas yuav tau inhibit lub hauv paus poob siab system thiab ua hnyav dependence.

Lub sij hawm no nws yog ib qhov nyuaj mus nrhiav ib tug kev lag luam uas muaj tsis muaj ethanol siv. Nws yog ib qhov nyuaj rau sau tag nrho cov uas yog li ntawd pab tau haus dej cawv. Tab sis feem ntau ntawm tag nrho cov nws cov khoom soj ntsuam nyob rau hauv lub lag luam kws. Ethanol - ib tug loj feem ntawm yuav luag tag nrho cov lam tinctures. Muaj ntau "laus poj niam 'cov zaub mov txawv' rau cov kev kho mob ntawm tib neeg cov kab mob raws li nyob rau hauv no cov ntaub ntawv uas. Nws cia li nkaum kiag tawm lub nroj tsuag tag nrho cov as-ham, khaws cia rau lawv. Qhov no vaj tse ntawm lub cawv twb tau muab siv nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua tsev neeg herbal thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo liquors. Thiab txawm hais tias nws yog dej caw, tab sis nyob rau hauv moderation lawv yog pab rau kev kho mob.

Kev siv ntawm ethanol

Cov mis ntawm ethanol yog lub npe hu mus rau tag nrho txij thaum lub tsev kawm ntawv cov tshooj lus nyob rau hauv Science News for KIDS. Tab sis ntawm no yog dab tsi yog qhov siv ntawm no tshuaj, li ntawd, cia li teb txhua. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, ib qho nyuaj rau xav txog tej yam ib tug lag luam nyob qhov twg nws twb tsis haus cawv. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, ethanol yog siv nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj raws li ib tug haib tshuaj tua kab mob. Lawv kho cov kev khiav hauj lwm nto thiab cov qhov txhab. Haus dej cawv nyhuv dejnum nyob rau yuav luag tag nrho cov ntawm cov pab pawg ntawm microorganisms. Tab sis ethanol yog siv tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv phais. Nws yog indispensable rau zus tau tej cov lam cia thiab tinctures.

Nyob rau hauv me me koob tshuaj, haus dej cawv yog pab tau rau cov tib neeg lub cev. Nws muaj txhawb rau liquefaction ntawm cov ntshav, pab txoj kev thiab vasodilation. Nws txawm siv los mus tiv thaiv cov kab mob plawv. Ethanol tswj lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm tus mob huam. Tab sis, tsuas nyob rau hauv me me koob tshuaj.

Nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb no, lub psychoactive los ntawm haus dej caw yuav poob dej tuag tawm lub loj tshaj plaws kev mob. Ethanol tau pom daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv cosmetology. Vim nws cov lus hais rau antiseptic zog, nws yog muaj nyob rau hauv yuav luag tag nrho cov ntxuav muab tshuaj pleev rau oily thiab oily daim tawv nqaij.

ethanol mob

Ethanol - cawv ua los ntawm fermentation. Yog hais tias ntev li siv nws yuav ua rau tus muaj zog tshaj toxicological lom, thiab txawm coma. Qhov no cov ntaub ntawv uas yog ib feem ntawm lub dej cawv. Haus dej cawv ua rau ib tug muaj zog lub hlwb thiab lub cev nyob tos. Alcoholism yog suav tias yog ib tug kab mob. Puas ethanol ncaj qha txuam nrog scenes unrestrained haus. Binge haus dej haus uas muaj haus dej haus cawv, ua rau yus tsis tau tsuas yog rau cov zaub mov raug tshuaj lom. Txhua yam yog ntau npaum li cas complicated. Nrog heev haus cawv muaj feem xyuam rau ze li ntawm tag nrho cov hloov khoom nruab nrog nruab. Los ntawm cov pa starvation, uas yog ethanol, tuag nyob rau hauv loj tus xov tooj ntawm lub paj hlwb hlwb. Nws tshwm sim degradation ntawm tus neeg. Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov ua sawv ntawm waning nco. Tom qab ntawd, tus neeg muaj mob raum, siab, hnyuv, mob plab, cov hlab ntsha thiab lub plawv. Nyob rau hauv cov txiv neej, muaj yog ib tug tsis potency. Nyob rau hauv lub caij nyoog kawg no theem ntawm ib tug dej kuaj kev puas hlwb lim.

Keeb kwm ntawm dej cawv

Ethanol - dab tsi zoo ntawm tshuaj thiab yuav ua li cas kom tau nws? Tsis yog txhua tus paub hais tias nws twb tau muab siv txij li thaum prehistoric lub sij hawm. Nws yog ib tug neeg haus dej haus cawv. Txawm li cas los, nws concentration yog me me. Tab sis lub caij no, ib co kua nplaum ntawm dej cawv muaj nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj nyob rau hauv lub 9000-xyoo-laus tais diav ntim chaws. Qhov no kom meej meej qhia tau hais tias cov neeg uas tseem nyob rau hauv lub Neolithic haus cawv-muaj dej qab zib.

Tus thawj cov ntaub ntawv ntawm haus dej caw ntau lawm twb sau nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 12th nyob rau hauv Salerno. Yeej muaj tseeb, nws yog ib tug dej cawv sib tov. Ntshiab ethanol yog faib Johann Tobias Lovitz nyob rau hauv 1796. Nws siv cov qauv ntawm cov pom los ntawm tshuab txais charcoal. Qhuav ntawm ethanol nyob rau hauv no txoj kev rau ib ntev lub sij hawm yog tus tsuas yog txoj kev. Formula cawv xam Nicholas Theodore de Saussure, thiab piav txog nws raws li ib tug carbon compound Antuan Lavuaze. Nyob rau hauv lub 19-20 centuries, muaj ntau zaum muaj tau kev kawm ethanol. tag nrho nws cov zog tau kawm. Tam sim no nws yog siv lug thiab yog siv nyob rau hauv yuav luag tag nrho cov spheres ntawm tib neeg kev ua si.

Qhuav ntawm ethanol los ntawm dej cawv fermentation

Tej zaum cov feem ntau zoo-paub txoj kev ua ethanol - yog dej fermentation. Nws yog tsuas tau thaum uas siv cov organic khoom uas muaj cov nqi ntawm carbohydrates, xws li txiv hmab, txiv apples, berries. Ib qho tseem ceeb ua ib feem rau fermentation proceeded nquag - yog muaj poov xab, enzymes thiab cov kab mob. Cia li zoo li ib tug qos ua, pob kws, mov. Rau roj nyoos qab zib haus dej haus cawv yog siv, uas yog ua los ntawm pas nrig. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog heev tham. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, lub fermentation tshuaj yog tau uas muaj tsis ntau tshaj li 16% ethanol. Ntau dua yuav tsis tau. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias lub ntau nyeem cov ntsiab ntawm cov poov xab yuav tsis ciaj sia. Yog li tau ethanol yuav tsum tau raug mus rau purification thiab concentration dab. Distillation dab feem ntau siv.

Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav tau ethanol, siv cov poov xab Saccharomyces cerevisiae txawv hom. Nyob rau hauv hauv paus ntsiab lus, lawv yuav tau mus qhib tus txheej txheem no. Raws li cov as substrate yuav siv sawdust los yog raws li ib tug lwm txoj rau - ib tug tov tau los ntawm lawv.

roj

Muaj coob tus neeg paub txog cov khoom muaj los ntawm ethanol. Yuav ua li cas yog dej caw los yog tshuaj tua kab mob, nws yog tseem lug paub. Tab sis haus cawv yog tseem thiab roj. Nws yog siv nyob rau hauv foob pob ua ntxaij xyaw. Paub qhov tseeb - nyob rau hauv 70% aqueous ethanol, lub ntiaj teb ua ntej ua tsov ua rog twb siv raws li ib tug roj rau lub ntiaj teb no tus thawj ballistic missile ntawm German - "V-2".

Tam sim no, haus dej cawv yog ntau heev. Raws li roj nws yog siv nyob rau hauv internal combustion xyaw, rau cua sov kiag li lawm. Nyob rau hauv lub chaw soj nstuam nws yog poured mus rau hauv ib qho dej cawv teeb. Catalytic oxidation ntawm ethanol siv rau zus tau tej cov cua sov, ob qho tib si ua tub rog thiab neeg mus ncig tebchaws. Haus dej cawv nrog txwv thov nyob rau hauv admixture nrog cov kua roj roj vim nws hygroscopicity.

Ethanol nyob rau hauv lub tshuaj kev lag luam

Lug siv ntawm ethanol nyob rau hauv lub tshuaj ua lag luam. Nws ua hauj lwm pab raws li ib tug raw khoom rau zus tau tej cov tshuaj xws li diethyl ether, acetic acid, chloroform, ethylene, acetaldehyde, tetraethyl acetate. Nyob rau hauv cov xim muaj hlau kev lag luam, ethanol yog dav siv raws li ib tug hnyav. Haus dej cawv yog lub ntsiab tivthaiv ntawm lub washer thiab dej ntsuab. Siv cawv thiab tsev neeg tshuaj. Nws yog ib tug tswv cuab ntawm detergents thiab tu cov khoom. Heev feem ntau nws yog nyob raws li ib tug tivthaiv nyob rau hauv cov dej tu huv tais thiab iav.

Ethyl cawv nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj

Ethyl cawv yuav tsum tau ntaus nqi rau antiseptics. Nws muaj ib tug raug ntaus nyob zoo tag nrho cov pab pawg ntawm cov kab mob. Nws txav lub hlwb ntawm cov kab mob thiab fungi. Kev siv ntawm ethanol nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj yog yuav luag pervasive. Qhov no yog ib qho zoo heev qhuav thiab disinfectants. Vim tanning thaj chaw ntawm haus cawv (96%) tau siv rau cov zauv rau lub operating rooj thiab tus kws phais txhais tes.

Ethanol - kuab tshuaj. Nws yog dav siv rau zus tau tej cov tinctures thiab cia los ntawm medicinal tshuaj ntsuab thiab lwm yam tsob nroj ntaub ntawv. Qhov tsawg kawg nkaus concentration ntawm dej cawv nyob rau hauv xws tshuaj tsis pub tshaj 18 feem pua. Ethanol yog feem ntau siv raws li ib tug preservative.

Ethyl cawv yog txig thov mus rau kev sib txhuam. Thaum lub sij hawm maj nws ua ib tug txias nyhuv. Heev feem ntau, haus dej haus cawv yog siv rau cov huab cua sov compresses. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, nws yog kev ruaj ntseg kiag, tsis muaj daim tawv nqaij yog liab thiab kub yus. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, ethanol yog siv raws li lub defoaming neeg sawv cev thaum ua ntawv thov los ntawm cov khoom cua oxygen thaum lub sij hawm cua. Tsis tas li ntawd, haus dej cawv yog ib feem ntawm ua kom tsaug zog, uas tej zaum yuav thov nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov tshuaj nqhis.

Oddly, tab sis kev kho mob ethanol yog siv raws li ib tug antidote rau lom lom alcohols xws li methanol los yog ethylene glycol. Vim qhov kev txiav txim nyob rau hauv hais tias thaum ob peb substrates cawv dehydrogenase enzyme ua xwb kev sib tw oxidation. Nws yog los ntawm no tam sim ntawd tom qab tau txais ntawm ethanol raws li lom methanol los yog ethylene glycol, ib tug txo ntawm qhov tam sim no concentration ntawm tshuaj lom metabolites kab mob. Methanol yog formic acid thiab formaldehyde, thiab ethylene glycol - oxalic acid.

khoom noj khoom haus ua lag luam

Yog li ntawd, yuav ua li cas kom tau ethanol, nws twb paub mus rau peb cov pog koob yawg koob. Tab sis lub feem ntau lug siv, nws tau txais xwb nyob rau hauv 19-20 centuries. Nrog rau dej, ethanol yog lub hauv paus ntawm yuav luag tag nrho cov dej haus cawv, tshwj xeeb yog vodka, gin, rum, brandy, whiskey, npias. Me me ntawm ib tug dej cawv thiab yog pom nyob rau hauv cov dej uas yog tau ua los ntawm fermentation, xws li kua mis nyeem qaub, koumiss, kvass. Tab sis lawv tsis tau zoo nyob tsis xav txog, txij thaum lub concentration ntawm dej cawv nyob rau hauv lawv yog heev me me. Yog li, cov ntsiab lus ntawm ethanol nyob rau hauv tshiab yogurt tsis pub tshaj 0,12%. Tab sis yog hais tias nws settles, lub concentration yuav sawv mus rau 1%. Nyob rau hauv kvass ethanol me ntsis ntau (1.2%). Feem ntau ntawm cov dej cawv muaj nyob rau hauv koumiss. Nyob rau hauv lub tshiab mis nyuj cov khoom, nws cov concentration - los ntawm 1 mus rau 3%, thiab nyob rau hauv spaced los txog rau 4.5%.

Ethyl cawv - zoo kuab. Qhov no tej khoom vaj tse yuav tsum tau siv nyob rau hauv lub lag luam ua noj. Ethanol yog ib tug hnyav rau flavors. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yuav siv tau raws li ib tug preservative rau khoom ci. Nws yog sau npe ua ib tug khoom noj khoom haus additive E1510. Ethanol muaj ib tug muaj zog tus nqi ntawm 7.1 kcal / g.

Nyhuv ntawm ethanol rau tib neeg lub cev

Nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no ethanol ntau lawm tsim muaj. Qhov no yog ib tug tseem ceeb tshuaj siv nyob rau hauv ntau spheres ntawm tib neeg lub neej. Tincture nyob rau hauv dej cawv yog ib tug yeeb tshuaj. Ntaub so impregnated nrog lub yam khoom uas yog siv raws li ib tug tshuaj tua kab mob. Tab sis ntawm no yog dab tsi tej yam ethanol yog muaj rau ntawm peb lub cev yog tias nqos tau? seb nws yog pab los yog teeb meem? Cov lus nug no yuav tsum tau tshawb kom ntxaws. Sawv daws yeej paub hais tias tib neeg tau noj haus dej haus cawv rau centuries. Tab sis, tsuas nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua xeem qhov teeb meem ntawm alcoholism lawm mas loj heev proportions. Peb pog koob yawg koob tau noj lub tsev ua npias, mead, thiab txawm tam sim no thiaj li nrov npias, tab sis cov no cov dej qab zib muaj ib tug tsis muaj zog feem pua ntawm cov ethanol. Yog li ntawd, los ua ntau yam pauv loj raug mob rau kev kho mob, lawv ua tsis tau. Tab sis tom qab Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev cawv diluted nrog dej nyob rau hauv tej yam proportions, txhua yam tau hloov.

Tam sim no, haus dej cawv - qhov no yog ib qho teeb meem ntawm yuav luag tag nrho cov teb chaws ntawm lub ntiaj teb no. Ib zaug nyob rau hauv lub cev, haus dej cawv muaj ib tug pathological ntxim rau ze li ntawm tag nrho cov kabmob tsis muaj kev zam. Nyob rau hauv lub concentration, koob tshuaj, thiab lawv nkag teb chaws ethanol tib lub sij hawm yuav manifest tshuaj lom thiab narcotic nyhuv. Nws yog tau los cuam tshuam txog cov hlab plawv system, nws muaj txhawb rau cov hnyuv kab mob, xws li mob plab ulcers thiab 12-tiperstnoj hnyuv. Nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm lub narcotic yog meant lub peev xwm los ua ib tug stupor cawv, insensitivity rau mob thiab kev nyuaj siab ntawm lub hauv paus poob siab system. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, tus neeg muaj ib tug dej siab, nws sai sai yuav addicted. Nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub, ntev li siv ethanol yuav ua coma.

Yuav ua li cas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv peb lub cev thaum peb haus dej haus cawv? Ethanol molecule muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm tsoo lub Cns. Nyob rau hauv lub cawv tso lawm endorphin nyob rau hauv lub nucleus accumbens, thiab nyob rau hauv tib neeg nrog ib tug cov lus hais alcoholism thiab orbitofrontal cortex. Tab sis, cuaj kaum, nyob rau hauv cov kev phem ntawm no, ethanol yog tsis pom zoo raws li ib hom tshuaj, txawm tias nws yuav siv sij hawm tag nrho cov tsim nyog kev txiav txim. Ethanol twb tsis muaj nyob rau hauv lub thoob ntiaj teb daim ntawv teev cov tshuaj tswj kav. Thiab nws yog ib tug moot point, vim hais tias nyob rau hauv tej yam koob, namely 12 grams ntawm tshuaj ib 1 kg ntawm lub cev hnyav, ethanol thawj ua rau yus mob li qaug tshuaj, thiab ces tuag.

Yuav ua li cas cov kab mob yog ethanol?

Self ethanol daws yog tsis carcinogenic. Tab sis nws lub ntsiab metabolite - acetaldehyde - ib tug tshuaj lom thiab mutagenic tshuaj. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws kuj muaj carcinogenic zog thiab provokes tus txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cancer. Nws zoo tau kawm nyob rau hauv vitro nyob rau hauv kev sim cov tsiaj. Cov kev tshawb fawb tej hauj lwm tau coj mus rau ib tug heev interesting, tab sis nyob rau tib lub sij hawm alarming tau. Nws hloov tawm hais tias acetaldehyde - tsis yog ib tug carcinogen, nws yuav ua kev puas DNA.

Ntev siv haus dej haus cawv yuav ua rau nyob rau hauv tib neeg cov kab mob xws li gastritis, hepatic mob npuas paug, mob rau sab 12 tiperstnoj rwj, pais plab mob cancer, txoj hlab nqos mov, hnyuv thiab cov nyuv, kab mob plawv. Tsis tu ncua ethanol ingress rau hauv lub cev yuav ua rau oxidative kev puas tsuaj rau lub hlwb neurons. Vim deterioration ntawm cov ntshav-hlwb barrier, lawv tuag. Kev tsim txom ntawm cov dej qab zib uas muaj haus dej haus cawv ua rau yus haus dej caw thiab kev soj ntsuam kev tuag. Cov neeg uas tsis tu ncua haus cawv, txoj kev pheej hmoo ntawm lub plawv thiab mob stroke nce ob peb lub sij hawm.

Tab sis hais tias tsis yog tag nrho cov khoom ntawm ethanol. Qhov no tshuaj yog ib yam metabolite. Nyob rau hauv me me qhov ntau nws yuav tsim nyob rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm tib neeg lub cev. Nws yog hu ua qhov tseeb endogenous haus dej cawv. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog ua los ntawm cleavage ntawm carbohydrate zaub mov nyob rau hauv lub hnyuv ib ntsuj av. Tej ethanol hu ua "conditionally endogenous cawv". Yuav zoo tib yam breathalyzer los mus txiav txim tus cawv, uas yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub cev? Raws nws yog ua tau. Nws npaum li cas yog tsis tshua muaj ntau tshaj 0,18 ppm. Qhov no tus nqi yog nyob rau sab ciam teb ntawm cov feem ntau niaj hnub xab kiag li lawm.