Dab tsi yog qhov oxidation ntawm oxygen? Valence thiab degree ntawm oxidation ntawm oxygen

Tag nrho peb ua pa cua uas yog feem ntau nitrogen thiab cov pa molecules nrog me ntxiv ntawm lwm yam hais. Yog li, cov pa yog ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws tshuaj ntsiab. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws molecules muaj nyob rau hauv ib tug lossis loj ntau yam ntawm tshuaj tebchaw uas yog siv nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub. Yuav kom piav qhia txog tag nrho cov khoom ntawm no lub caij no tsis txaus thiab ib puas nplooj ntawv, li ntawd, peb txwv tsis pub tus yooj yim tseeb ntawm cov dab neeg, raws li tau zoo raws li yooj yim caij yam ntxwv - valence thiab cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm oxidation ntawm oxygen, cov kev faib ua feem ntawm ua ntawv thov cov yooj yim lub zog.

Keeb kwm ntawm lub foundations ntawm ib tug tshuaj caij

Cov hauj lwm hnub ntawm lub foundations ntawm cov tshuaj lub caij "oxygen" yog 1 Lub yim hli ntuj 1774. Tib hnub ntawd, lub British chemist John. Priestley xaus lus nws xyaum ua tej yam nyob rau decomposition ntawm mercury oxide uas yog nyob rau hauv ib tug kaw nkoj qab thus. tus paub txog tau txais cov roj uas txhawb combustion Thaum kawm tiav ntawm qhov xyaum ua tej. Txawm li cas los, qhov no foundations mus tsis paub txawm yog cov kws tshawb fawb. Mr Priestley xav hais tias nws tsis tau los kom faib ib tug tshiab lub caij thiab ib feem ntawm cov huab cua. Dzhozef Pristli lawv tau muab qhia rau tus naas ej Fabkis tus paub txog thiab chemist Antuanom Lavuaze, uas muaj peev xwm to taub li cas ua tsis tau tejyam mus ua ib tug Englishman. Nyob rau hauv 1775, Lavoisier muaj peev xwm tsim kom muaj hais tias muaj yog "ib feem ntawm cov huab cua" yeej yog ib qho kev ywj tshuaj caij thiab hu nws cov pa, uas yog txhais los ntawm Greek txhais tau tias "acid-txoj kev". Lavoisier ces ntseeg tias cov pa yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov acids. Tom qab, cov acids ntawm mis tau muab uas tsis muaj oxygen atoms, tab sis lub npe daig.

Pa - tshwj xeeb tshaj yog molecular qauv

Active tshuaj caij yog ib tug tsis muaj kob roj, ntxhiab thiab tasteless. Tshuaj mis - O _2. Chemists hu tib yam diatomic oxygen los yog "atmospheric oxygen" los yog "dioxygen." Molecule tshuaj muaj ob txuas pa atoms. Muaj kuj yog ib tug qauv uas muaj peb atoms - O _3. Qhov no tshuaj yog hu ua ozone, yog xav paub txog nws yuav tau sau ntawv hauv qab no. Ib tug qauv uas muaj ob lub atoms ntawm cov pa muaj ib tug degree ntawm oxidation -2, txij li thaum nws muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm txoj kev ob unpaired electron covalent daim ntawv cog lus. Lub zog uas yog tso tawm thaum lub sij hawm decomposition (dissociation) oxygen atoms nyob rau hauv lub molecule yog sib npaug zos rau 493,57 kJ / mol. Nws yog ib tug zoo nkauj loj sib txawv.

Lub valence ntawm cov pa thiab cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm oxidation

Nyob rau hauv lub valence ntawm ib tug tshuaj caij muaj nyob rau hauv lub siab nws muaj peev xwm mus coj dua ib tug tej yam muaj pes tsawg tus ntawm atoms ntawm lwm yam tshuaj hais. Lub valence ntawm oxygen yog ob tug. Lub valence ntawm cov pa molecule kuj sib npaug zos rau ob tug, txij thaum lub ob atoms kev cob cog rua rau ib leeg thiab muaj lub peev xwm los muab rau nws cov qauv txawm ib tug atom ntawm lwm compound, i.e. txoj kev ua ib covalent daim ntawv cog lus nrog nws. Piv txwv li, ib tug qauv ntawm dej H ₂ O ua nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm covalent bonds ntawm ib tug oxygen atom thiab ob hydrogen atoms.

Pa yog pom nyob rau hauv ntau ntawm cov paub tshuaj tebchaw. Muaj txawm tias ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib hom tshuaj tebchaw - oxides. Qhov no tshuaj tau los ntawm combining zoo yam tshuaj caij nrog oxygen. Lub degree ntawm oxidation ntawm cov pa nyob rau hauv lub oxides yog sib npaug zos rau -2. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv ib co tebchaw no daim duab tej zaum yuav txawv. Ntxiv txog uas yuav tau piav rau hauv qab no.

Lub cev thaj chaw ntawm pa

Tej diatomic oxygen yog ib cov roj uas tsis muaj xim, tsw thiab saj. Nyob rau hauv lub qub xeev, nws ceev - 1,42897 kg / m ^3. Nyhav 1 liter tshuaj yog me ntsis tsawg tshaj li 1.5 grams, i.e. ntshiab pa hnyav zog dua cov pa. Thaum rhuab, lub molecule yog dissociated rau hauv atoms.

Thaum lub nruab nrab kub yog lowered mus rau -189,2 ^C. oxygen nws hloov nws cov qauv ntawm cov gaseous rau cov kua. Yog li muaj yog ib tug boil. Thaum lub kub txo rau -218,35 ^{° C} muaj ib tug hloov mus rau tus qauv nrog lub kua siv lead ua. Thaum no kub oxygen yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm xiavlus muaju.

Thaum chav tsev kub, oxygen yog sparingly soluble nyob rau hauv dej - nyob rau hauv nws ib liter rau 31 milliliter ntawm oxygen. Solubility nrog rau lwm cov tshuaj: 220 ml rau 1 liter ntawm ethanol, 231 ml rau 1 liter ntawm acetone.

Tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm pa

Hais txog qhov kev tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm pa yuav sau ib Talmud. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj cov khoom teejtug uas cov pa - qhov no yog oxidation. Qhov no cov ntaub ntawv uas yog heev zog oxidant. Pa yuav hnov mob nrog yuav luag txhua tus paub hais txog qhov periodic rooj. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm no sis oxides raug tsim, raws li tau sib tham txog ua ntej lawm. Ib cov pa oxidation nyob rau hauv lub tebchaw nrog rau lwm cov ntsiab yog tshuam sib npaug zos 2. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm tej tebchaw yog dej (H ₂ O), cov pa roj carbon dioxide (CO _2), poov hlau oxide, lithium oxide, thiab lwm tus neeg. Txawm li cas los, muaj ib tug tej yam oxides, hu ua peroxides los yog peroxides. Lawv peculiarity yog tias muaj yog ib tug peroxide pab pawg neeg "-O-O-" nyob rau hauv cov tebchaw. Qhov no pab pawg neeg thiaj li oxidative thaj chaw ntawm O _2, yog li ntawd cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm oxidation nyob rau hauv cov pa peroxide yog -1.

Nyob rau hauv nrog cov alkali hlau active oxygen ntaub ntawv superoxides los yog superoxide. Piv txwv li lug yog:

• poov tshuaj superoxide (KO _2);
• rubidium superoxide (RbO _2).

Lawv peculiarity yog tias cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm oxidation ntawm cov pa nyob rau hauv lub superoxide yog -1/2.

Nyob rau hauv nrog cov tshaj cum tshuaj caij - fluorine, fluorides tau. Nyob rau lawv yuav tsum tau tham hauv qab no.

Kawm ntawv siab ntawm oxidation nyob rau hauv cov pa tebchaw

Nyob ntawm seb dab tsi yam khoom uas yog reacted nrog rau oxygen, cov pa muaj xya degrees ntawm oxidation:

1. -2 - nyob rau hauv oxides thiab organic tebchaw.
2. -1 - nyob rau hauv peroxides.
3. -1/2 - nyob rau hauv superoxide.
4. -1/3 - nyob rau hauv inorganic ozonide (tseeb triatomic oxygen - ozone).
5. +1/2 - nyob rau hauv lub ntsev ntawm oxygen ntawv.
6. 1 - nyob rau hauv monofluoride oxygen.
7. 2 - nyob rau hauv cov pa difluoride.

Raws li yuav pom, ntau dua qhov lub degree ntawm oxidation ntawm cov pa tiav nyob rau hauv oxides thiab organic tebchaw, thiab fluorides nws muaj txawm zoo lub hwj chim. Tsis yog txhua txhua hom ntawm kev sib tshuam yuav nqa tawm nyob rau hauv ib tug tej yam ntuj tso txoj kev. Rau lub tsim ntawm tej tebchaw nws yuav tsum tau tshwj xeeb tej yam kev mob, xws li kub siab, siab kub, raug tsawg tebchaw uas yuav luag yeej tsis pom nyob rau hauv cov xwm. Xav txog cov tswv yim yooj oxygen compound nrog lwm yam tshuaj hais: lub oxides, fluorides thiab peroxides.

Classification oxides ntawm acid-puag zog

Muaj plaub hom oxides:

• yooj yim;
• acid;
• nruab nrab;
• amphoteric.

Ib cov pa oxidation nyob rau hauv cov kev sib txuas yog -2.

• Basic oxides - ib tug compound nrog co muaj tsawg oxidation lub xeev. Feem ntau, thaum reacted nrog acids yog tau lub sib nug xov ntsev, thiab dej.
• Acidic oxides - nonmetal oxides nrog ib tug high degree ntawm oxidation. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd thereto dej tsim acid.
• Nruab nrab oxides - tebchaw uas tsis nkag mus rau hauv tej tshuaj tiv thaiv uas acids los yog nrog bases.
• Amphoteric oxides - tebchaw nrog co muaj tsawg electronegativity nqi. Lawv yog cov, nyob ntawm seb qhov kev tshwm sim, sau zog thiab acid thiab yooj yim oxides.

Peroxides, cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm cov pa nyob rau hauv lub oxidation ntawm hydrogen peroxide thiab lwm yam sib txuas

Peroxides hu ua pa tebchaw nrog alkali hlau. Lawv tau los ntawm combustion ntawm cov co nyob rau hauv cov pa. Peroxides organic tebchaw yog cov tsis tshua heev. Tej zaum lawv kuj yuav npaj los ntawm tus haum ntawm cov pa oxides. Piv txwv ntawm peroxides:

• hydrogen peroxide (H ₂ O _2);
• barium peroxide (Bao _2);
• sodium peroxide (Na ₂ O _2).

Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv muaj nyob rau hauv ntau yog hais tias lawv muaj cov pa pab pawg neeg -OO-. Thiaj li, cov pa nyob rau hauv lub oxidation degree yog -1 peroxides. Ib qho ntawm feem paub tebchaw -OO- pab pawg neeg yog hydrogen peroxide. Nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob, qhov no compound yog ib tug ua kua daj ntseg xiav. Raws li lawv cov tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm hydrogen peroxide yog los ze zog mus rau ib tug tsis muaj zog acid. Txij li thaum -OO- linkage nyob rau hauv lub chaw tub rog muaj cov neeg pluag stability, txawm nyob rau hauv chav tsev kub, ib tug tov ntawm hydrogen peroxide yuav decomposed rau dej thiab oxygen. Nws yog ib tug haib oxidizing neeg sawv cev, txawm li cas los, los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog ib tug muaj zog oxidizing zog reductant muaj li hydrogen peroxide. Lub degree ntawm cov pa nyob rau hauv lub oxidation ntawm hydrogen peroxide, raws li nyob rau hauv lwm yam peroxides yog -1.

Lwm yam kev peroxides yog:

• superoxides (superoxides, nyob rau hauv uas cov pa muaj oxidation -1/2);
• inorganic ozonides (tsis tshua muaj neeg tsis ruaj tsis khov compound muaj nyob rau hauv nws cov anion qauv ozone);
• molozonide (compound muaj nyob rau hauv nws cov qauv ib daim ntawv cog lus -OOO-).

Fluorides, cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm oxidation nyob rau hauv cov pa OF2

Fluoro - lub feem ntau active tug tswv cuab ntawm tag nrho cov tam sim no lub npe hu. Yog li ntawd, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov pa thiab fluorine yuav tsis oxides, thiab fluorides. Lawv thiaj hu ua vim qhov no compound yog tsis muaj oxygen, thiab fluorine yog ib qho oxidant. Fluoride yuav tsis tau nyob rau hauv ib tug tej yam ntuj tso txoj kev. Lawv tsuas yog tsim los ntawm extracting koom nrog lub fluorine aqueous Koh. oxygen fluorides raug muab faib mus rau hauv:

• oxygen difluoride (NTAWM _2);
• monofluoride oxygen (O ₂ F _2).

Xav txog nyob rau hauv ntau dua kom meej txhua lub tebchaw. oxygen difluoride nyob rau hauv nws cov qauv yog ib tug tsis muaj kob roj nrog ib tug muaj zog tsis kaj siab tsw. Thaum txias condensed nyob rau hauv ib tug yellowish kua. Cov kua tsis zoo miscible nrog dej, tab sis zoo huab cua, fluorine thiab ozone. Tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm pa difluoride - ib tug heev muaj zog oxidant. Lub degree ntawm oxidation nyob rau hauv cov pa OF2 yog 1, i.e. nyob rau hauv no compound yog Fluoro oxidant thiab cov pa - txo neeg sawv cev. NTAWM ₂ yog heev tshuaj lom, dua li ntshiab fluorine thiab txuas lub toxicity ntawm phosgene. Lub ntsiab kev siv qhov no zoo ntawm compound - raws li oxidizer rau lub propellant, txij li thaum cov pa difluoride yog tsis heev.

monofluoride oxygen nyob rau hauv lub qub xeev yog ib tug khoom yellowish. Thaum melting, cov ntaub ntawv ib tug liab kua. Nws yog ib tug haib oxidizing neeg sawv cev, mas heev nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog organic tebchaw. Qhov no compound teev oxygen oxidation lub xeev sib npaug zos rau +2, i.e. nyob rau hauv no Fluoride oxygen compound ua raws li ib tug txo neeg sawv cev, thiab fluorine - oxidant.

Nws thiab nws cov tebchaw

Nws - ib tug qauv muaj peb cov pa atoms sib raug zoo rau txhua lwm yam. Nyob rau hauv lub qub xeev yog xim xiav roj. Thaum cua txias, lub kua ntaub ntawv ib tug sib sib zog nqus xiav xim ze rau indigo. Cov khoom yog ib tug siv lead ua los ntawm doog xiav xim. Nws muaj ib tug pungent tsw, nws tau lawm xav tias nyob rau hauv cov huab cua tom qab ib tug loj heev cua daj cua dub.

Nws, raws li ib txwm oxygen, yog ib tug heev muaj zog oxidant. Tshuaj zog ze zog acids. Thaum raug rau ozone oxides tsub kom lawv degree ntawm oxidation nrog rau oxygen evolution. Tab sis nyob rau tib lub degree ntawm nws txo qis cov pa oxidation. Lub ozone tshuaj bonds yog tsis raws li muaj zog raws li nyob rau hauv O _2, yog li _ntawd nyob rau hauv ib txwm tej yam kev mob tsis muaj lub dag zog nws yuav yaj mus rau hauv cov pa nrog qhov kev tso tawm ntawm tshav kub zog. Nrog ua kub ntxim rau cov ozone molecule thiab nrog zuj zus lawm siab lwj txheej txheem diatomic oxygen exothermically ceev. Ntxiv mus, yog tias ib qhov chaw loj nyob rau hauv lub ozone, tus txheej txheem no yuav raug nyob rau hauv ib qho kev tawg.

Txij li thaum ozone yog ib tug heev muaj zog oxidant thiab yuav luag tag nrho cov dab uas nrog nws loj npaum li cas ntawm O _2, ces tus ozone yog ib co tshuaj lom tshuaj. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv lub qaum cua ozone layer plays lub luag hauj lwm ntawm ib tug Reflector ntawm ultraviolet tshav ntuj.

Vim hais tias ozone siv kuaj seev tsim organic thiab inorganic ozonides. Qhov no yog ib tug heev tsis ruaj tsis khov rau cov qauv ntawm cov teeb meem, yog li lawv tsim nyob rau hauv tej yam ntuj tso tej yam kev mob yog tsis yooj yim sua. Ozonides yog muab tsuas yog nyob rau tsawg kub, txij thaum zoo tib yam kub, lawv yog cov tsis tshua lom thiab tawg.

Kev siv ntawm oxygen thiab nws cov tebchaw nyob rau hauv kev lag luam

Vim lub fact tias nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm, zaum tau kawm, yog dab tsi degree ntawm oxidation los ntawm cov pa nyob rau hauv lub sis raug zoo nrog lwm yam hais, nws thiab nws cov tebchaw yog lug siv nyob rau hauv kev lag luam. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tom qab rau hauv nruab nrab-thib nees nkaum xyoo pua tau invented turbo expanders - units muaj peev xwm hloov pa mus rau hauv cov neeg kho tshuab tej zaum zog. Txij li thaum cov pa - tsis tshua muaj neeg flammable yeeb tshuaj, ces nws yog siv nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov lag luam uas nws yog tsim nyog rau kev siv ntawm cov hluav taws thiab tshav kub. Thaum txiav thiab vuam ntawm co no kuj siv qhwv nrog Pa oxygen mus txhim khu nplaim vuam ntaus ntawv. Pa yog dav siv nyob rau hauv lub steel kev lag luam, qhov twg los ntawm compressed O ₂ yog khaws cia nyob rau hauv kub lub moj tej tawg rauv. Qhov siab tshaj plaws degree ntawm oxidation ntawm cov pa yog -2. Qhov no yam ntxwv nws yog nquag siv rau kev tsim ntawm oxides rau lub hom phiaj ntawm ntxiv combustion thiab tso cua sov zog. Kua oxygen, ozone, thiab lwm yam tebchaw uas muaj ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm O _{2 yog} ua hauj lwm raws li oxidants propellant. Oxidized oxygen ib co organic tebchaw yog siv raws li explosives.

Nyob rau hauv lub tshuaj kev lag luam, cov pa yog siv raws li ib tug oxidizing neeg sawv cev nyob rau hauv acid-hydrocarbon tebchaw, xws li alcohols, acids thiab cov zoo li. D. Cov tshuaj yog siv tau nyob rau ib tug txo siab rau cov neeg uas mob ntsws, kom muaj lub neej ntawm tus kab mob. Nyob rau hauv ua liaj ua teb, me me koob tshuaj ntawm ntshiab oxygen yog siv rau yug me nyuam ntses nyob rau hauv pas dej, rau koj ntxiv kom lub kev faib ua feem ntawm cov nyuj thiab cov zoo li. D.

Pa - ib tug haib oxidizing neeg sawv cev, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb rau lub hav zoov ntawm

Saum toj no nws yog ib tug ntau sau txog dab tsi oxygen muaj ib tug oxidation lub xeev thaum nkag mus rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas muaj ntau yam tebchaw thiab hais, yog dab tsi hom ntawm cov pa tebchaw, muaj, dab tsi hom ntawm txoj sia thiab cov uas tsis muaj. Ib tug tej zaum yuav nyob twj ywm tsis meej - raws li nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov ntawm nws cov toxicity thiab ib theem siab ntawm oxidation ntawm oxygen yog ib tug ntawm lub ntsiab uas yog qhov tseem ceeb rau lub neej nyob rau lub ntiaj teb? Lub fact tias peb ntiaj chaw yog ib tug heev kuas lub cev, uas yog yoog hais rau tus tshuaj muaj nyob rau hauv lub atmospheric txheej. Nws yog kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub voj voog, uas yog raws li nram no: ib tug txiv neej thiab tag nrho lwm yam tsiaj haus cov pa thiab ua cov pa roj carbon dioxide, thiab cov nroj tsuag nyob rau hauv lub loj heev feem ntau haus carbon dioxide thiab tsim oxygen. Txhua yam nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no yog sib thooj,, thiab tsis tau ntawm ib tug link ntawm lub saw yuav ua txhaum lub tag nrho saw. Peb yuav tsum tsis txhob hnov qab txog nws thiab saib xyuas ntawm lub neej nyob rau lub ntiaj chaw raws li ib tug tag nrho, tsis yog nws ib tug neeg sawv cev.