Cov mis ntawm chlorophyll thiab nws lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm photosynthesis

Yog vim li cas yog cov nyom, thiab cov nplooj rau cov ntoo thiab fab ntsuab? Kiam chlorophyll. Koj muaj peev xwm coj ib tug muaj zog hlua ntawm kev txawj ntse thiab koom nws nyob rau hauv ib tug muaj zog paub.

zaj dabneeg

Tom qab ib tug me ntsis excursion mus rau hauv lub kuj tsis ntev los no yav dhau los. Yauxej Bienaimé Caventou thiab Pierre Zhozef Pellete - uas yog leej twg koj yuav tsum tuav tes. Txiv neej Science sim cais ntsuab xim ntawm cov nplooj ntawm ntau yam nroj tsuag. Cov kev siv zog tau crowned nrog kev vam meej nyob rau hauv 1817.

Mus rau npe rau xim chlorophyll. Los ntawm cov Greek chloros - ntsuab thiab phyllon - daim ntawv. Notwithstanding rau cov foregoing, nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 20th xyoo pua, Michael Rihard Vilshtetter Xim thiab peb tuaj rau lub xaus: nws puv, muaj ob peb yam nyob rau hauv chlorophyll.

Dov mus nws tshob caj npab, Willstätter mus ua hauj lwm. Purification thiab crystallization qhia ob yam. Hu rau lawv tsuas, alpha thiab beta (a thiab b). Rau tej hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub tshav pob ntawm kev kawm txog cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw nyob rau hauv 1915, nws tau hais nrog tus nqi zog Nobel.

Nyob rau hauv 1940 Hans Fischer tswv yim hais tias thoob ntiaj teb kawg qauv ntawm chlorophyll "ib tug". King synthesis Robert Burns Woodward thiab ob peb zaum los ntawm America tau txais nyob rau hauv 1960. unnatural chlorophyll. Thiab laij tau qhov tsis - lub tsos ntawm chlorophyll.

tshuaj zog

Formula chlorophyll, txiav txim los ntawm lub sim tsis, yog raws li nram no: C ₅₅ H ₇₂ N ₅ O ₄ Mg. Tus qauv muaj organic dicarboxylic acid (chlorophyllin), thiab methyl cawv thiab phytol. Chlorophyllin - yog ib tug organometallic compound muaj ib tug ncaj qha kev sib raug zoo rau magniyporfirinam thiab muaj nitrogen.

COOH

MgN ₄ OH ₃₀ C ₃₂

COOH

Chlorophyll tshwm ester vim lub fact tias cov seem qhov chaw ntawm methyl cawv CH ₃ OH thiab phytol C ₂₀ H ₃₉ OH hloov lub hydrogen ntawm lub carboxyl pawg.

Muab tso rau saum lub yam ntxwv mis ntawm alpha chlorophyll. Xav txog nws zoo zoo, nws yuav pom tias lub beta-chlorophyll ib cov pa atom ntau tab sis tsawg tshaj li ob hydrogen atoms (Cho pab pawg neeg nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm CH _3). Li no, lub molecular yuag alpha chlorophyll qis tshaj cov beta.

Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub hais ntawm kev txaus siab rau peb muaj teeb meem tswm magnesium. Nws txuas mus rau 4 nitrogen atoms ntawm lub pyrrole pawg. System of elementary thiab successive ob bonds tau cai nyob rau hauv lub pyrrole ligaments.

Chromophore tsim, txig haum rau hauv tus qauv ntawm chlorophyll - qhov no yog N. Qhov no enables cov haum ntawm tus neeg sab ntawm lub hnub ci spectrum, thiab nws cov xim, tsis muaj teeb meem dab tsi hnub lub hnub Burns zoo li ib tug nplaim taws, thiab nyob rau hauv lub hmo zoo li hluav ncaig.

Cia peb tig mus rau qhov luaj li cas. Porphyrin tub ntxhais txoj kab uas hla ntawm 10 nm, fitolny fragment yog ntev tshaj li 2 nm. Nyob rau hauv lub nucleus, chlorophyll yog 0.25 nm, lub microparticles ntawm lub pyrrole nitrogen me ntsis pab pawg.

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg hais tias ib tug magnesium atom uas yog ib feem ntawm lub chlorophyll ib lub cheeb ntawm tsuas 0,24 nm, thiab tshuam kiag li nyob rau qhov chaw ntawm lub nitrogen atoms ntawm lub pyrrole pawg, uas ua rau cov tub ntxhais ntawm lub molecule yuav tsum tau ntau zog.

Nws yog ua tau tuaj mus rau lub xaus hais tias ob lub Cheebtsam nyob rau hauv uncomplicated hu ua alpha thiab beta, thiab muaj xws li chlorophyll (a thiab b).

chlorophyll ib tug

Tus txheeb ze loj ntawm ib tug qauv - 893,52. Tsim lub sib cais microcrystals nyob dub nrog ib tug xiav tint. Thaum ib tug kub ntawm 117-120 degrees Celsius, lawv yog melted thiab txia mus ua ib cov kua.

Nyob rau hauv tib ethanol chloroform, acetone thiab benzene yog yaj nkag dua. Cov kev tshwm sim tau ib tug ntsuab xim thiab muaj ib tug yus feature - nplua nuj liab fluorescence. Slightly soluble nyob rau hauv cov roj av ether. Cov dej tsis loj hlob nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov.

Alpha chlorophyll Formula: C ₅₅ H ₇₂ N ₅ O ₄ Mg. Cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw nyob rau hauv nws cov tshuaj qauv xa mus rau raws li Cov tshuaj chlorine ua. Nyob rau hauv lub nplhaib rau propionic acid, namely nws residue, txuas phytol.

Ib txhia tsob nroj kab mob, es tsis txhob ntawm chlorophyll ib tug, ib tug analogue daim ntawv. Ntawm no, ib tug ethyl pab pawg neeg (-CH ₂ -CH ₃₎ thaum lub sij hawm II pyrrole nplhaib twb hloov los ntawm cov yas (-CH = CH _2). Xws li ib tug qauv comprises ib tug thawj thiab ib tug yas pab pawg neeg nyob rau hauv lub nplhaib yog ib tug, ob tug thib ob lub nplhaib.

chlorophyll b

Formula chlorophyll-beta muaj cov nram qab daim ntawv: C ₅₅ H ₇₀ N ₄ O ₆ Mg. Lub molecular ceeb thawj ntawm lub substance yog 903. Thaum lub C ₃ carbon atoms nyob rau hauv lub pyrrole nplhaib ob kuaj me ntsis cawv devoid ntawm hydrogen -HC = O, uas muaj ib tug daj xim. Qhov no yog tsis zoo li chlorophyll ib tug.

Peb twv yuav tsum tau sau tseg hais tias nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb tas mus li qhov chaw ntawm lub cell uas tseem ceeb heev rau nws txuas ntxiv hav zoov plastids, chloroplasts, nyob ob peb hom chlorophyll.

Chlorophyll c thiab d

Nyob rau hauv cryptomonads, dinoflagellates, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv batsillariofitsievyh thiab kelp pom nrog chlorophyll. Classic porphyrin - uas yog qhov txawv ntawm no xim.

Rau algae, liab xim ntawm chlorophyll d. Ib txhia tsis ntseeg nws lub neej. Nws yog ntseeg hais tias nws tsuas yog ib tug chlorophyll degeneration khoom ntawm ib tug. Thaum lub caij, peb yuav confidently hais tias chlorophyll nrog tsab ntawv d - yog qhov tseem ceeb zas xim ib yam dab tsi uas photosynthetic prokaryotes.

thaj chaw ntawm chlorophyll

Tom qab ntau npaum li cas cov kev tshawb fawb muaj pov thawj hais tias cov yam ntxwv ntawm chlorophyll, nom tswv teev tseg nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag thiab rho tawm los ntawm nws, pom dissimilarity. Chlorophyll nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag ua ke nrog rau cov protein. Qhov no yog evidenced los ntawm cov nram qab no cov tswvyim:

1. Haum spectrum ntawm chlorophyll nyob rau hauv lub nplooj lwm, yog hais tias peb los sib piv nws nrog zaj lus qhia.
2. Ntshiab cawv los ntawm qhuav nroj tsuag kev kawm kev qhia txog yuav tau xav zoo zoo. Extraction proceeds yam xyuam xim ntawm ib tug zoo-watered nplooj, los yog mus rau lub cawv yuav tsum tau topped li dej. Nws yog txuam nrog rau cov chlorophyll so down protein.
3. Material los ntawm cov nplooj ntawm cov nroj tsuag, yog sai pov tseg nyob rau hauv tus ntawm cov pa, ib tug concentrated acid, lub teeb rays.

Tab sis chlorophyll nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag resistant rau tag nrho cov saum toj no.

chloroplasts

Nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag, chlorophyll muaj 1% ntawm qhuav teeb meem. Nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb organelles ntawm lub cell - plastids, uas qhia tau hais tias ib tug tsis muab faib rau nws nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag. cell plastids, pleev xim rau nyob rau hauv ntsuab xim thiab muaj ib tug chlorophyll, yog hu ua chloroplasts.

Tus nab npawb ntawm H ₂ O nyob rau hauv chloroplasts yog hom twg los ntawm 58 mus rau 75% cov khib nyiab cov ntsiab lus muaj ntawm cov nqaijrog, lipids, chlorophyll thiab carotenoids.

chlorophyll muaj nuj nqi

Zaum tau pom ib tug ceeb kev zoo sib thooj apparatus molecules ntawm chlorophyll thiab hemoglobin - lub ntsiab pa tivthaiv ntawm tib neeg cov ntshav. Qhov txawv yog tias nyob rau hauv nruab nrab claw compound nyob rau hauv cov xim zaub muab tso magnesium thiab hemoglobin - hlau.

Thaum lub sij hawm photosynthesis, lub nroj tsuag ntawm cov ntiaj chaw absorbs carbon dioxide tawm oxygen. Ntawm no yog ib lub sijhawm zoo feature ntawm chlorophyll. Los ntawm kev ua si yuav muab piv rau hemoglobin, tab sis tus nqi ntawm cov raug rau tib neeg lub cev ib tug ob peb ntau.

Chlorophyll - ib tug nroj xim, uas yog sensitive mus rau lub teeb thiab coated nrog ntsuab. Tom ntej no yog photosynthesis, nyob rau hauv uas nws microparticles hloov lub hnub lub zog absorbed los ntawm cov nroj tsuag hlwb mus rau hauv tshuaj muaj zog.

Koj muaj peev xwm tuaj mus rau nram qab no cov lus xaus uas photosynthesis - yog lub zog hloov dua siab tshiab txheej txheem ntawm lub hnub. Yog hais tias ntseeg hnub ntxiv, nws yog muab sau tseg tias ndlwg ntawm lub synthesis ntawm cov organic tebchaw los ntawm cov pa roj carbon dioxide thiab dej siv lub teeb zog yog decomposed rau hauv peb theem.

theem №1

Qhov no theem yog txiav txim siab nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm photochemical decomposition ntawm dej, nrog rau cov kev pab ntawm chlorophyll. Muaj evolution ntawm molecular oxygen.

theem №2

Ntawm no muaj ob peb redox tshua. Lawv coj ib tug active nce qib ntawm cytochromes thiab lwm yam muaj ntawm electrons. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw vim lub teeb zog nqa los ntawm electrons los ntawm dej los NADPH generator thiab ATP. Ntawm no yog muab lub teeb zog.

theem №3

Twb tsim NADPH thiab ATP set nyob rau hauv tsab ntawv tsa suab yuav hloov carbon dioxide rau hauv carbohydrates. Lub absorbed lub teeb zog yog muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub tshua ntawm 1 thiab 2 theem. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm lub yav tas, peb yuav tshwm sim tsis muaj kev koom tes los ntawm lub ntiaj teb no thiab hu ua tsaus ntuj nti.

Photosynthesis - lub xwb lom txheej txheem ntawm dua los ntawm cov dawb zog nce. Ncaj qha los yog kov, muab kev nkag tau mus tshuaj entrepreneurial ntsuj plig inhabiting lub teb chaws ntawm ob-legged, winged, wingless, tej tsiaj, thiab lwm yam kab mob.

Hemoglobin thiab chlorophyll

Cov molecules ntawm hemoglobin thiab chlorophyll muaj txoj, tab sis nyob rau tib lub sij hawm ib tug zoo xws li cov atomic qauv. Common nyob rau hauv lawv cov qauv yog PROFIN - ib lub nplhaib ntawm me me rings. Qhov txawv pom nyob rau hauv otrostochkah txuas mus rau ib tug ProFin thiab atoms nyob hauv: hlau atom (Fe) nyob rau hauv hemoglobin los ntawm chlorophyll magnesium (Mg).

Chlorophyll thiab hemoglobin zoo xws li nyob rau hauv cov qauv, tab sis tsim txawv protein lug. Nyob ib ncig ntawm lub magnesium atom chlorophyll tsim nyob ib ncig ntawm hlau - hemoglobin. Yog hais tias peb coj kua chlorophyll molecule thiab disconnect fitolny tus Tsov tus tw (20 carbon saw), kev hloov nyob rau hauv magnesium hlau atom, cov xim ntsuab rau liab. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim - lub tiav lawm hemoglobin molecule.

Absorbed los ntawm chlorophyll yog ceev thiab yooj yim, ua tsaug precisely rau no kev zoo sib thooj. Zoo kev pab txhawb nqa lub cev los ntawm cov pa starvation. Saturates cov ntshav tsim nyog micronutrients, li no nws yuav zoo dua yog qhia lub tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau lub neej ntawm cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw rau lub hlwb. Nws tshwm sim raws sij hawm tso tawm pov tseg cov ntaub ntawv, co toxins thiab khib uas ua los ntawm lub ntuj metabolism. Nws muaj ib tug tej yam nyob rau hauv lub dormant ntshav dawb, prompting lawv.

Piav ib tug hero tsis muaj kev ntshai thiab tsis muaj kev txaj muag tiv thaiv, ntxiv zog rau cell week, pab kom zoo rau cov connective cov ntaub so ntswg. Los ntawm txoj hauj lwm zoo ntawm chlorophyll tej zaum yuav muaj sai zoo ntawm ulcers, qhov txhab thiab ntau erosions. Pab txoj kev tiv thaiv kab mob ua hauj lwm tseem ceeb muaj peev xwm mus ntes cov pathological mob DNA molecules.

Ib tug zoo qauv nyob rau hauv cov kev kho mob ntawm tus kab mob thiab tau khaub thuas. Qhov no tsis yog tag nrho daim ntawv teev cov zoo deeds tshuaj saib.