Bohr lub postulates

Niels Bohr - tus naas ej Danish paub txog uas thawj pov thawj qhov incompatibility ntawm lub classical cai ntawm physics thiab atoms. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, nws qhia ob tug kev xav, paub hnub no raws li quantum Bohr postulates. Lawv cia siab rau ib tug qauv ntawm cov atom, ib zaug npaj E. Rutherford, raws li uas ib tug (atom) muaj ib tug qauv zoo li cov qauv ntawm cov ntug: electrons atoms yog nyob rau hauv tas mus li tsab ntawv tsa suab hais txog qhov chaw ruaj hais - cov keeb. Tus thawj lub sij hawm, cov qauv no mas suav hais tias zoo tagnrho thiab tag nrho piav thiab piav tag nrho cov thwmsim kev cob cog rua nrog lub atom. Txawm li cas los, tom qab ntawd nws tau los ua tseeb hais tias cov lus teb rau lo lus nug txog qhov tseeb ntawm lub hav zoov ntawm atoms thiab nws cov stability, cov qauv no yog tsis muaj peev xwm.

Raws li planetary qauv, lub suab ntawm electrons nyob ib ncig ntawm lub chaw tub ntxhais yuav tsum tau muaj nrog nws lus los ntawm cov emission ntawm electromagnetic vuag uas nws zaus yog sib npaug zos rau cov muab zaus ntawm negatively them ntsiab nyob ib ncig ntawm qhov chaw. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim - tus electron zog yuav tsum txo, uas nyob rau hauv lem ua rau nws ntau dua attraction rau lub nucleus. Txawm li cas los, raws li kev qhia tau hais tias, qhov no yog tsis tshwm sim. Atom yog feem ntau ruaj khov system uas cawm lub sij hawm ntev tsis raug mus rau sab nraum influences. Tawg atom tej zaum yuav hais discrete, i.e. sib quas ntus, uas, ntawm chav kawm, cov ntsiab lus mus rau qhov tseeb ntawm periodicity ntawm txoj kev tshawb, es nws permanence. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, cov kev soj ntsuam ntawm xaus lus tias kev siv ntawm lub classical cai ntawm physics nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav piav qhia txog lub hav zoov ntawm electrons yog tsis yooj yim sua.

Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv 1913, qhia los ntawm Bohr assumption tso cai los mus piav qhia ib qho piv txwv ntawm ib tug hydrogen atom hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm hluav taws xob lub zog electrons.

Cov lus xaus los ntawm Bohr, twb empirically paub tseeb hais tias los ntawm ntau zaum ntawm lub sij hawm. Nyob rau lub hauv paus ntawm nws kev xav nws tau tsim ib tug tag nrho lub hom phiaj, uas tom qab ua ib tug tshwj xeeb cov ntaub ntawv ntawm quantum mechanics. Bohr lub postulates yog raws li nram no:

1. Nuclear system radiates zog, conventionally hu ua En, thaum xwb nyob rau hauv quantum lub xeev. Txwv tsis pub (thaum nyob rau hauv ib tug neeg twg lub xeev ntawm ib tug atom), lub zog yog tsis tso tawm.

Ntawm no, cov steady state hais txog lub zog ntawm electrons rau tej orbits. Txawm tias lub sij nyob rau ntawm lub ceev tsab ntawv tsa suab, lub electromagnetic vuag tsis tawm txim liab, tsuas yog tus atom muaj quantum zog tus nqi.

2. Qhov thib ob postulate, feem ntau hu ua txoj cai ntawm frequencies ntawd hais tias cov kev hloov ntawm ib tug atom los ntawm ib lub xeev mus rau lwm lub (feem ntau yog nyob rau hauv ib tug nyob ruaj ruaj quantum) nrog qhov kev tso tawm los yog haum ntawm lub zog. Qhov no txoj kev yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv me me - quanta. Lawv tus nqi sau raws nkaus Ii lub zog qhov sib txawv ntawm lub xeev ntawm uas hloov tau siv sij hawm qhov chaw. Qhov thib ob postulate tso cai rau xam sim qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov paub zog ntawm chaw lub xeev cov tawg zaus ntawm hydrogen.

Bohr lub postulates yog pab tau rau cov dab haum ntawm lub teeb thiab emission ntawm hydrogen particle. Ua tau, nws yog li no paub tseeb hais tias ib zaug lawv tshawb pom Bohr nws tus kheej. Bohr lub postulates tau tso cai niaj hnub zaum los mus tsim ib tug kev tshawb xav ntawm lub hydrogen spectrum. Nws yog noteworthy hais tias ib tug ntau txoj kev tshawb xav ntawm lub spectrum tom ntej no lub caij - Helium - muaj pov thawj yuav tsum tau suab tsis yooj yim sua.

Txawm li cas los, Bohr lub postulates - physics, uas muab tso rau ib tug muaj zog cib nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm quantum kev tshawb xav hnub no yog lub tseem ceeb tshaj plaws tswvyim thiab cov lus xaus. Nyob rau hauv kev, nws yog ua tau los mus tsim ib tug kev tshawb xav ntawm haum thiab emission ntawm lub teeb uas ua rau ib tug classical physics cov ntaub ntawv raws li nyob rau hauv tsis muaj.

Bohr lub postulates tso cai rau kev ua pa lub neej tshiab mus rau hauv classical mechanics. Yuav kom qhov no hnub twg, lawv nyob twj ywm indisputable nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm quantum mechanics.