Biography Puankare Anri. Hypothesis Anri Puankare

Jules-Anri Puankare - ib tug ci ntsa iab tus paub txog, ib tug broad profile ntawm kev ua si uas cim ib tug lossis loj pab nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm physics, lej thiab mechanics. Qhov no txiv neej los ua tus founder ntawm zoo txoj kev topology thiab cov kev tshawb xav ntawm differential sib npaug, nws tsim lub hauv paus ntawm txoj kev tshawb xav ntawm stability ntawm cov lus tsa suab. "Science thiab kev xav" Anri Puankare - ua hauj lwm, uas tau ua ib tug classic, kawm los ntawm tag nrho cov menyuam kawm ntawv ntawm kev universities.

science

Tsab xov xwm Poincare ntev ua ntej Einstein tus cov ntaub ntawv muaj cov lus ntawm lub ntsiab cai ntawm txoj kev tshawb xav ntawm Relativity. Piv txwv li, lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm Relativity, lub Relativity ntawm lub tswvyim ntawm simultaneity, moos synchronization los ntawm lub teeb Pib ntsais koj teeb, Lorentz, yeej tsis hloov li ceev ntawm lub teeb, sib xws ntawm cov Maxwell equations, thiab ntau lwm tus neeg.

Puankare Anri tsim lub me me parameter txoj kev thiab thov nws mus rau teeb meem nyob rau hauv vaj xilethi-aus mechanics, nws kuj kawm ntawm nws tus kheej classic peb-lub cev muaj teeb meem. Txawm nyob rau hauv philosophy nws muaj peev xwm mus tsim tau ib tug kiag li tshiab kev coj, hu ua conventionalism.

thaum yau

Chaw yug ntawm tus poj tus paub txog nyob rau hauv Lorraine nyob rau hauv Nancy nyob rau hauv Fabkis Plaub Hlis Ntuj 29, 1854. Nws txiv - Leon Puankare - nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm yog tseem hluas heev, tab sis twb zoo-paub nyob rau hauv lub nroog thiab cheeb tsam surrounding los ntawm cov kws kho mob mus rau lub fact tias nws yog tibneeg hu tauj coob kuaj cov kev tshawb fawb thiab lectured nyob rau Medical kws qhia ntawv ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv. Nws niam - Eugenia - kev tu me nyuam. Cov ntxhais tsis tau ua raws li ntau kev txhawj xeeb li tus me ntsis Jules-Anri Puankare: nws preoccupation nrog lub sij hawm los ua legendary.

Niam yog tsis paub hais tias qhov no tsis muaj peev xwm qhia congenital muab raws li ib tug sib sib zog nqus puab kev xav thiab lig distracted los ntawm kev muaj tiag. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, tom qab tus diphtheria Anri Puankare nrhiav ib tug tshiab zoo - txuam cim suab nrog tej yam xim. Qee zaus cov me nyuam (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ruam los ntawm qhov) muaj no zoo. Anri Puankare khaws cia no muaj peev xwm rau lub neej.

hauv tsev

Nws koom nrog tus me nyuam ib tug tiag tiag kawm thiab ib tug txiv neej ntawm ntau txoj kev kawm ntawv, ib tug yug xib fwb - Alphonse Gintselin. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub kev cai ntawm cov qauv sau ntawv, keeb kwm, geography thiab biology me nyuam tub sai sai mastered rau tag nrho plaub xam ua hauj lwm thiab ua ib qho yooj yim rau suav nyob rau hauv koj lub siab. Xib Fwb hauj lwm nws tsis tawm, lawv tsis sau dab tsi, yog li lub twb zoo heev hnov cim xeeb ntawm cov me nyuam worsened thiab muaj zog. Los ntawm txoj kev, lub duab fixation ntawm nws discoveries nws tsis nyiam, cov tsab ntawv muaj pheej tsis saib xyuas. Nws mus rau hauv rho tawm vib this.

lyceum

Cov xib fwb nansiyskom Lyceum zoo siab hais tias lawv kawm tau yam ub yam no thiab mob siab me nyuam kawm ntawv raws li Puankare Anri. Nws tau txais xws li ib tug zoo lub tsev kawm, uas tam sim ntawd pib kawm nyob rau hauv ob qib. Beautifully sau tsab ntawv, xam, ib yam nkaus thiab, nws yog ib qho yooj yim, tab sis tshwj xeeb txoj kev hlub rau nws, nws twb tsis tau muaj.

Tsuas yog ib tug ob peb xyoos tom qab ntawd Puankare Anri niam tuaj agitated cov xib fwb thiab nws tus tub los yav tom ntej zoo xyuam xim lawm yav tom ntej. Tab sis, dua li no, tus tub hluas hais ntxiv nws cov kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem department los ntawm browsing Latin thiab lub ancient classics. Nrug kev kawm txoj kev kawm ntawv nyob rau ntawm lub lub zoo paub txog rau kaum xyoo yog ntau tshaj li tag nrho. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm muaj tej xwm txheej ntawm kuj zoo kawg tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm tsis tsuas yog Fabkis tab sis kuj tag nrho ntawm cov teb chaws Europe: lub Franco-Prussian ua tsov ua rog thiab lub Paris Commune.

tsev kawm ntawv

Ob chav ua ib tug BA (Language Arts and Sciences), Puankare Anri pib kawm elementary lej - tam sim no yeej enthusiastically. Thiab geometry, thiab algebra thiab lej tsom - tag nrho cov no sverhseroznaya scientific ntaub ntawv yog zoo li ib tug tua, nws cia savored txhua kab Rouche tej lus sau tseg, Bertrand, Sala, Duhamel rau nws. Elementary lej nws li kawm thaum lub sij hawm lub xyoo.

Ecole polytechnique

Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv tsoom fwv los yog nyob rau hauv cov tub rog nyob rau hauv ib tug zoo kev txoj hauj lwm, Puankare Anri los ua ib tug me nyuam kawm ntawv ntawm lub Ecole Polytechnique, nyob qhov twg, tsis muaj tsis ntseeg, yog nyob rau hauv lub nrog cov thawj cov tub ntxhais kawm nyob rau hauv yuav luag tag nrho cov kev kawm. Nws tsis tau ua tau zoo nyob rau hauv kos duab, sketching, thiab cov tub rog affairs.

Nyob rau hauv nws kos duab, piv txwv li, muaj tsis muaj thaum uas tig mus los yog converging, qhov uas lawv yuav tsum tau yuav, los yog txawm cia li kab ncaj nraim. Tab sis nyob rau hauv physics, Science News for KIDS thiab kev kawm txog zauv, nws yog li ntawd muaj zog hais tias nws cov phooj ywg twb tsis pom. Tom qab kawm tiav rau xyoo los ntawm lub Ecole Polytechnique neej yav tom ntej zoo paub txog hais ntxiv nws kev tshawb fawb ntawm lub roob, uas twb coj tiag tiag kev tshawb fawb.

lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Mines

Tswv yim uas nrhiav thiab nrhiav tau ib txoj kev tawm ntawm nws reflections thaum lub sij hawm nws kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Mines, nyob rau hauv ib tug ob peb xyoos yuav lub hauv paus ntawm ib tug doctoral thesis. Txhua yam uas tsis txhawj txog kev kawm txog zauv, nws tau ceased mus yuav nthuav, nrog rau cov kev zam ntawm tsuas yog ib qho mineralogy. Thiab txawm yog cov mineralogy thiab nws cov nqe lus hais txog crystallography. Vim hais tias txhua yam uas nws paub los ntawm lub sij hawm Anri Puankare rau science, loach vilos nyob ib ncig ntawm lub hom phiaj ntawm pab pawg, nyob qhov twg lub kinematics ntawm cov khib nyiab ntxiv crystallography - ib qho ntawm lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv rau ntawm no ceg ntawm kev kawm txog zauv, thaum yuav luag paub daws teeb. Yog li ntawd, tswv yim sib cav twb sau. Nws tau txais ntau accolades los ntawm cov professors thiab kws tshawb fawb. thesis tau muab txoj cai los qhia nyob rau hauv universities, dua li ib tug scholar kuj zoo kawg thiab coj ib co sij hawm ua hauj lwm rau lub tsev ntawm Vesoul nyob rau hauv lub mines. Nyob rau hauv 1979, Anri Puankare University, tuaj txog nyob rau hauv Cannes qhia zauv tsom xam.

decisive 1881

Nyob rau hauv 1881, feem ntau authoritative scientific Fabkis magazine luam tawm ib tsab xov xwm nyob rau hauv lub Poincare Fuchsian zog, uas yog ib tug txhob nyob rau hauv qhov kev kawm ntawm kev kawm txog zauv. Nyob rau lub ob xyoos tom ntej, muaj ntau tshaj nees nkaum-tsib cov khoom. European mathematicians pib zoo soj ntsuam txhua kauj ruam ntawm tus tshiab zauv luminaries.

Fuchsian zog nplooj siab mus rau lwm tsib cov khoom, txhua tus uas yog ib tug tiag tiag tshawb. Dua li ntawm qhov tsis tshua muaj neeg sib sib zog nqus dhia dej mus rau hauv lej nyob rau hauv 1881 los ntawm Jules-Anri Puankare muaj sij hawm mus poob rau hauv kev hlub, sib yuav thiab txav mus nrog nws tsev neeg los ntawm Normandy mus Paris yuav pib qhia nyob rau ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv.

Paris

Nyob rau hauv lub capital lub tsev kawm ntawv cov tub ntxhais zaum yog plaub loj kev tshawb fawb tau nqa tawm nrog rau kev hwm mus txawv sib npaug, ib curves nrog lawv zoo tshaj cov ntsiab lus thiab kev txwv mus, cov sawv cev ib tug tshiab ceg ntawm kev kawm txog zauv raws li ib tug science. Puankare Anri nees nkaum xya xaiv uas nws sau tau los tshwm nyob rau hauv cov phau ntawv, mus so rau ntawm peb lub laurels tsis ua li, vim hais tias qhov zoo txoj kev tshawb xav diffentsialnyh sib npaug kom txog thaum tsis muaj ib tug tau ua. Qhov no fundamentally txheej tshiab ntawm kev kawm txog zauv yuav tsum tau kawm ntxiv: txoj kev me me parameter nrog lub hom phiaj ntawm ib invariants, thiab cov kev tshawb xav ntawm stability ntawm differential sib npaug nyob rau hauv lub me me tsis thiab thawj zaug tej yam kev mob.

Twb tau nyob rau 1886, Anri Puankare los ua lub taub hau ntawm lub tuam tsev ntawm zauv physics thiab yuav qhov muaj tseeb kev tshawb xav ntawm lub University of Paris, thiab nyob rau hauv 1887 nws tau raug xaiv ib tug tswv cuab ntawm lub Fabkis Academy ntawm Sciences. Qhib ua raws li cov discoveries: lub hom phiaj ntawm automorphic zog, combinatorial topology, differential geometry, algebraic topology, muaj tseeb kev tshawb xav, haumxeeb tsom xam , thiab ntau lwm yam liaj teb ntawm kev txawj ntse tsis muaj ib tug paub tsis meej rau Puankare Anri.

physicist

Peb-dimensional deeg ntawm zauv physics mis ntawm lub hom phiaj ntawm yoj propagation (diffraction), Thaum tshav kub kub conduction teeb meem, lub hom phiaj ntawm lub peev xwm, tus cim asterisk tso ntawm lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm Dirichlet - qhov no yog tsis yog txhua txhua uas tau soj ntsuam, tso cai thiab muaj pov thawj ib tug ci ntsa iab tus paub txog nyob rau hauv ib tug heev luv luv lub sij hawm ntawm lub sij hawm. Raws li ib tug me nyuam, nws saib spellbound nyob rau hauv lub depths ntawm lub hnub qub ntawm lub hmo ntuj, thiab tam sim no neeg laus Poincare paub hais tias saum ntuj ceeb tsheej lub cev tsis tau tsuas yog muab lub teeb hais tias cov neeg yuav saib tau lub ntiaj teb tej kev qhov muag, tab sis lwm tus, yuav luag tsis paub, tshe lub siab. "Science thiab kev xav" Anri Puankare - ua hauj lwm, los teeb rau ntau yam teeb meem txog cov tib neeg xaav ntawm scientific phenomena.

Nyob rau hauv 1889, nws tau txais ib tug thoob ntiaj teb puav pheej rau nws ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv "xilethi-aus mechanics", peb lub cev physics, lub motto ntawm uas tau txais kev pab raws li ib tug hlua ntawm ancient kwv huam nyob rau hauv Latin: Nunquam praescriptos transibunt sidera nplua - "Tsis txhob dhau lub tshuaj ib thaj tsam ntawm lub ntiaj teb no." Kawm ntxiv txog cov cheeb tsam no tau nyob rau hauv ib tug peb-volume treatise "Tshiab txoj kev xilethi-aus mechanics", los ua ib tug classic ntawm kev tshawb fawb, tsis yog nyob rau hauv astronomy thiab mechanics, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv quantum mechanics thiab statistical physics. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, xibfwb Puankare Anri nyob rau Sorbonne, raug caw mus lub taub hau lub department ntawm xilethi-aus mechanics muaj, thiab txais qhov kev. Kaum xyoo ntawm kev kawm lub hom phiaj ntawm qhov muaj tseeb thiab xaam physics ntawm Paris dhau li ib hnub.

zenith

Ua hauj lwm Puankare Anri "Science thiab kev xav" tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1902 thiab hu ua nyob rau hauv scientific voj voog tseem ceeb resonance, txij li thaum tus paub txog sau, saum toj no tag nrho, cov xaav hais tias muaj yog tsis muaj tsis nyob hauv txhua yam - tej nuj nqis nyob rau hauv qhov chaw los yog nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm, cov neeg xav tias tsis tshua muaj neeg txheeb ze zog, txawm tias thaum lawv muaj qhov sib txawv. Designated xwb txhua yam kev txiav txim cov lus tseeb, thiab cov neeg uas tsis uas tsis yog-Euclidean geometry tsis tau ntshai li scientific.

Thaum lub sij hawm lub neej ntawm lub Poincaré tau txais tag nrho cov hom ntawm cov npe meej mom, khoom plig thiab prizes, nws yog muaj npe tom qab lub Paris lub koom haum ntawm Lej thiab ib tug loj kev ua qab yias ntawm lub (tsaus) sab ntawm lub hli.