TsimSecondary kev kawm ntawv thiab cov tsev kawm ntawv

Atom Science News for KIDS - ib tug ... Model ntawm lub atom. qauv ntawm cov atom

Xav txog qhov xwm ntawm tej ib chig pib mus xyuas tib neeg ntev ua ntej cov heyday ntawm niaj hnub kev vam meej. Ua ntej, cov neeg muaj speculated txog lub hav zoov ntawm ib co ntau dua lub hwj chim, uas, lawv ntseeg, predetermined tag nrho cov neeg. Tab sis zoo nkauj tsis ntev, philosophers thiab cov pov thawj tau pib xav txog qhov tseeb ntawm yog dab tsi, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, yog lub heev ntaub ntawm cov hav zoov. Theories tau teem, tab sis nyob rau hauv ib cov keeb kwm foundations los ua hom atomic.

Yuav ua li cas yog lub atom nyob rau hauv Science News for KIDS? Qhov no, raws li zoo raws li tag nrho lwm yam kev cov ntsiab lus peb yuav sib tham txog nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm. Peb cia siab hais tias nyob rau hauv nws koj yuav nrhiav tau cov lus teb rau tag nrho koj cov lus nug.

Qhov tus tsim ntawm lub atomic kev tshawb xav

Qhov twg rau thawj Science News for KIDS zaj lus qhia pib? Tus qauv ntawm ib tug atom - yog lub ntsiab tseem ceeb. Koj yuav nco ntsoov hais tias lo lus "atom" yog txhais los ntawm Greek lus raws li "indivisible". Tam sim no, muaj ntau yam historians ntseeg hais tias tus thawj npaj lub hom phiaj, uas hais tias ib co ntawm cov me me hais tias ua li txhua yam uas tau tshwm sim, Democritus. Nws nyob hauv lub thib tsib caug xyoo BC.

Tu siab, tus ntawm no zoo heev txawj xav suab tsis muaj dab tsi yog paub. Nws tsis tau mus txog peb tej sau qhov chaw ntawm cov sij hawm. Thiab vim hais tias ntawm cov loj tshaj kws tshawb fawb ntawm nws lub sij hawm, tswv yim, peb yuav tau kawm los ntawm tej hauj lwm ntawm Aristotle, Plato thiab lwm yam Greek xav.

Yog li ntawd peb lub ntsiab - "Tus qauv ntawm lub atom." Nyob rau hauv Science News for KIDS, tsis yog txhua txhua muaj siab kev, tab sis muaj ntau nco ntsoov hais tias tag nrho cov lus xaus ntawm lub ancient zaum tau ua thiaj tau tuaj rau inferences. Democritus tsis yog tus kos.

Raws li kuv piav rau Democritus?

Nws logic yog yooj yim heev, tab sis nyob rau tib lub sij hawm ci ntsa iab. Xav txog tej yam uas koj muaj lub sharpest riam nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Koj muab ib qho kua, piv txwv li, thiab ces pib mus txiav nws ob halves rau hauv quarters, faib lawv dua ... Nyob rau hauv ib lo lus, ua ntej los yog tom qab ntawd koj yuav tau txais ib meager slices ntawm tuab uas tseem yuav faib lawv yuav twb yuav tsis yooj yim sua. Ntawm no nws yuav indivisible atom. Nyob rau hauv Science News for KIDS, qhov no assertion yog suav tias yog muaj tseeb yuav luag mus rau thaum xaus ntawm lub 19th caug xyoo.

Los ntawm Democritus rau niaj hnub tswv yim

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias los ntawm lub ancient Greek cov tswv yim ntawm lub microcosm tseem tsuas yog ib lo lus "atom". Tam sim no txhua txhua schoolchild paub hais tias lub ntiaj teb no nyob ib ncig ntawm peb yog ua los ntawm ntau npaum li cas yuav tsum muaj thiab nplua. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, los ntawm lub foundations ntawm cov niaj hnub science, lub hom phiaj ntawm Democritus yog tsis muaj dab tsi ntau tshaj li ib tug txhob txwm hypothetical le caag, tsis txaus siab los ntawm kiag li tsis muaj pov thawj. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv cov hnub muaj tsis muaj electron rub kom pom loj, yog li pov thawj los ntawm lwm yam txhais tau tias nyob rau hauv lub thinker yuav tsis muaj tshwm sim.

Tus thawj lub sijhawm twg los hais tias Democritus yog ua tau txoj cai muaj nyob rau ntawm lub chemists. Lawv sai sai nrhiav tau hais tias muaj ntau yam ntawm cov tshuaj zom rau hauv yooj yim Cheebtsam thaum lub sij hawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws coj mob loj heev tshuaj regularities ntawm cov dab. Yog li ntawd, lawv pom tias nws yuav siv sij hawm yim loj feem ntawm cov pa thiab ib qho rau cov dej - hydrogen (Avogadro txoj cai).

Nyob rau hauv lub Nrab Hnub nyoog, tej materialist lus qhuab qhia, nrog rau cov kev tshawb xav ntawm Democritus, tis thiab kev loj hlob yuav tsis tau rau tag nrho cov. Thiab xwb nyob rau hauv lub XVIII xyoo pua, zaum muaj ib zaug dua rov qab mus rau lub atomic kev tshawb xav. Los ntawm lub sij hawm lub chemist Lavoisier, peb kuj zoo kawg M. V. Lomonosov thiab feemxyuam English physicist D. Dalton (uas peb yuav sib tham txog nyias), tau txaus ntseeg pom hais tias nws mus rau lawv lug txhawb cov miv cov kev muaj tiag ntawm atoms. Nws yuav tsum tau hais txog tias txawm nyob rau hauv lub enlightened 18th xyoo pua atomic kev tshawb xav rau ib ntev lub sij hawm ntau zoo ua luaj minds ntawm lub sij hawm uas tiag yog.

Txawm nws yog, tiam sis txawm cov poj zaum tseem tsis tau muab tso rau pem hauv ntej lub hom phiaj ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov atom, raws li nws twb yog ib thiab indivisible particle, lub hauv paus ntawm txhua yam.

Tu siab, cov tshuaj lom thwmsim yuav tsis kom meej meej ua pov thawj cov kev muaj tiag ntawm lub hloov dua siab tshiab ntawm ib co atoms rau hauv lwm yam. Tiam sis yuav tsum muaj kev kawm nyob rau hauv kev kawm cov qauv ntawm cov atoms yog precisely Science News for KIDS. Atoms thiab molecules tau kawm rau ib ntev lub sij hawm, ib tug ci ntsa iab Lavxias teb sab kws tshawb fawb, tsis muaj uas nws yog tsis yooj yim sua xav txog tej yam lub neej tshiab nimno science.

Cov lus qhuab qhia D. I. Mendeleeva

Ib tug loj loj luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub atomic lus qhuab qhia ua si D. I. Mendeleev, uas nyob rau hauv 1869 tsim nws ci ntsa iab periodic system. Ib tug kev tshawb xav tau qhia rau cov scientific lub zej lub zos, uas tsis tsuas yog tsis xyeej, tab sis tsim nyog cov kev xav Nkij los txuam rau tag nrho cov materialists. Twb tau nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19, zaum twb tau los ua pov thawj rau hauv lub hav zoov ntawm electrons. Tag nrho cov kev tshawb pom coj qhov zoo tshaj plaws minds ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th rau tiag kawm atom. Nyob rau hauv Science News for KIDS lub sij hawm no twb tseem cim los ntawm ib tug ntau ntawm cov discoveries.

Tab sis cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm Mendeleyev yog nqi tsis tau tsuas yog rau cov. Nws yog tseem paub tsis meej xyov yuav ua li cas rau hauv daim ntawv atoms ntawm txawv tshuaj ntsiab. Tab sis cov poj Lavxias teb sab neeg kawm xaij muaj peev xwm los ua pov thawj conclusively tias lawv yog cov tag nrho, tsis muaj kev zam, yuav zoo txog rau txhua lwm yam.

Qhib Dalton

Tab sis yuav tsum tau txhais ntau yam disparate cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsuas Dzhon Dalton, uas nws lub npe yog mus ib txhis nraim nyob rau hauv lub foundations ntawm cov kev cai lij choj nws tus kheej. Feem ntau, zaum tau kawm xwb tus cwj pwm ntawm gases, tab sis cov ntau yam ntawm kev txaus siab nws yog ntau npaum li cas wider. Nyob rau hauv 1808 nws pib publishing nws cov tshiab yuav tsum muaj chaw ua hauj lwm.

Nws Daltons assumed tias txhua tshuaj caij raws li ib tug atom. Tab sis tus paub txog, raws li Democritus ntau centuries ua ntej nws, tseem ntseeg hais tias lawv yog cov tag ua ke. Nyob rau hauv nws muaj ntau drafts diagrammatic drawings, nyob rau hauv uas lub atoms sawv cev nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm tej yam yooj yim pellets. Qhov no lub tswv yim, uas originated ntau tshaj 2,500 xyoo dhau los, ntawd kub ntev li yuav luag mus rau lub hnub tam sim no! Txawm li cas los, tsuas kuj ntev los no nws tau nrhiav tiag tiag sib sib zog nqus qauv ntawm cov atom. Science News for KIDS (Qib 9 nyob rau hauv particular) txawm hnub no yog kev lom zem ntau ua los ntawm lub tswv yim uas twb xub voiced nyob rau hauv lub 18th caug xyoo.

Seb qhia txog cov divisibility ntawm atoms

Txawm li cas los, yuav luag tag nrho cov zaum ntseeg hais tias cov atom mus txog rau lub xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19 - cov kev txwv tshaj uas tsis muaj dab tsi. Lawv xav hais tias lub hauv paus ntawm tag nrho cov creation yog raws nraim nws. Qhov no yog facilitated los ntawm ib tug ntau yam ntawm thwmsim: txawm ib tug yuav hais tias, tab sis dab tsi hloov nws tsuas yog tus molecule, thaum lub sij hawm tus nqi nrog lub atoms ntawm cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw tsis tshwm sim kiag li tsis muaj dab tsi uas yuav tsis tau piav tsuas Science News for KIDS. Tus qauv ntawm cov pa roj carbon atoms, piv txwv li, tseem kiag li unchanged txawm nyob rau hauv txawv allotropic lub xeev.

Nyob rau hauv luv luv, rau ib ntev lub sij hawm, muaj yog kiag li tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv uas nyob rau ntawm tsawg kawg yog kov paub tseeb hais tias suspicions ntawm tej zaum hais tias muaj yog ib co yuav tsum muaj hais. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19 (tsis yog tsawg kawg ua tsaug rau qhov kev paub ntawm cov Curies) nws twb qhia hais tias nyob rau hauv tej yam tej yam kev mob lub atoms ntawm ib lub caij yuav tau hloov mus rau lwm yam. Cov discoveries lub hauv paus ntawm niaj hnub tswv yim hais txog lub ntiaj teb no nyob ib ncig ntawm peb.

Raisins thiab puddings

Nyob rau hauv 1897, George. Thomson, English physicist, nws twb pom hais tias nyob rau hauv tej atom muaj ib qhov nqi ntawm tsis zoo them hais, uas nws kuj hu ua "electrons". Twb tau nyob rau 1904, tus paub txog tsim thawj atomic qauv, uas yog zoo dua lub npe hu nyob rau hauv lub los "txiv moj mab paj npleg". Lub npe yog heev phim cov essence. Raws li Thomson lub hom phiaj ntawm lub atom nyob rau hauv Science News for KIDS - nws yog ib tug "txog ntsha" nrog uniformly faib nyob rau ntawd xwb thiab electrons.

Nco ntsoov tias cov qauv no yog nyob rau hauv kev txawm nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th. Tom qab ntawd nws muab tawm hais tias nws yog kiag li tsis ncaj ncees lawm. Tseem, nws yog tus thawj meej pem los rau tus txiv neej (thiab nyob rau ib tug scientific hauv paus) mus recreate surrounding microcosm, muab ib tug qauv ntawm cov atom, heev yooj yooj yim thiab meej.

thwmsim Curie

Nws yog ntseeg hais tias cov niam txiv, Pierre thiab Mariya Kyuri nteg lub lub hauv paus rau lub atomic physics. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, tus pab ntawm cov txiv neej cov ntse heev, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb sacrificed nws tus noj qab haus huv thiab lub neej, tsis tau underestimated, tab sis lawv cov yaam puab paub nyob deb ntau yuav tsum muaj. Yuav luag ib txhij nrog Rutherford lawv muaj pov thawj hais tias atom - yog ntau npaum li cas complex thiab ua kev teeb tsa. Cov tshwm sim ntawm radioactivity, uas lawv tshawb, uas yog hais txog nws thiab tham.

Thaum pib ntawm 1898 Maria luam tawm thawj tsab xov xwm mob siab tawg. Tsis ntev Mary thiab ib Kyuri tau qhia hais tias ib tug sib tov ntawm chlorinated tebchaw ntawm uranium thiab radium pib tshwm lwm yam, lub neej ntawm cov uas nws ua xyem xyav hauv lub official Science News for KIDS. Tus qauv ntawm ib tug atom tau txij li thaum pib los mus tshawb nrhiav nyob rau hauv lub siab dawb paug.

"Planetary" mus kom ze

Thaum kawg Rutherford txiav txim siab los ua hnyav hlau atom bombardment α-hais (kiag ionized Helium). Ib tug paub txog ib zaug pom tau hais tias lub teeb electrons yog tsis muaj peev xwm mus hloov cov trajectory ntawm particle tsab ntawv tsa suab. Raws li, qhov dispersion yuav ua rau tsuas yog ib cev ntas Cheebtsam uas tej zaum yuav muaj nyob rau hauv lub nucleus ntawm cov atom. Tam sim ntawd, peb nco ntsoov hais tias tus thawj Rutherford tsis tau lees tias hloov lub "paj npleg" kev tshawb xav. Qhov no qauv ntawm lub atom mas suav hais tias neeg ncaj.

Yog li ntawd ua hais tias yuav luag tag nrho cov hais tsis muaj teeb meem dhau los ntawm ib tug nyias txheej ntawm cov nyiaj, nws tsis yog tag. Uas yog cia li nws sai sai no los ua tseeb hais tias ib co ntawm cov Helium atoms tau deflected cia li 30 °. Nws tsis yog yuav hais li cas nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm Science News for KIDS. Muaj pes tsawg leeg raws li Thomson atom assumed niaj hnub muab faib rau cov electrons. Tab sis qhov no yog kom meej meej tsis tooj mus rau cai tshwm sim.

Nws yog tsis tshua muaj tsis tshua muaj, tab sis ib txhia hais ya mus rau ntawm lub kaum sab xis, txawm 180 °. Rutherford yog nyob rau hauv lub deepest perplexity. Tom qab tag nrho, nws sharply tsam "paj npleg", ib tug them nyiaj uas yuav tsum tau (raws li Thomson kev tshawb xav) tusyees faib. Li ntawd, cov sis tsis ncaj them qhov chaw uas yuav ua rau lub ionized Helium, twb tsis tuaj kawm ntawv.

Yuav ua li cas cov lus xaus tuaj Rutherford?

Tej xwm txheej no sim hawm caij nyoog zaum xav tias tus atom yog feem ntau khoob thiab xwb qhov chaw tsom ib co kev kawm ntawv nrog ib tug zoo xwb - qhov tseem. Thiab muaj ib lub planetary qauv ntawm lub atom, uas postulates nram qab no:

  • Raws li peb twb hais tias, nws yog nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ib feem ntawm cov tub ntxhais, thiab nws cov ntim (tus txheeb ze rau qhov luaj li cas ntawm cov atom nws tus kheej) yog negligible.
  • Zoo tag nrho cov atomic loj, raws li zoo raws li tag nrho cov zoo xwb yog pom nyob rau hauv lub nucleus.
  • Electrons tig ib ncig nws. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas lawv muaj pes tsawg yog sib npaug zos rau qhov zoo xwb.

paradoxes kev tshawb xav

Tag nrho yuav zoo, tab sis tus qauv ntawm lub atom tsis qhia lawv zoo kawg resilience. Nws yuav tsum tau nco ntsoov tias electrons tsiv mus nyob rau orbits nrog zoo acceleration. Los ntawm tag nrho cov kev cai ntawm electrodynamics ib tug kwv thaum lub sij hawm, yuav tsum poob nws xwb. Yog hais tias peb coj mus rau hauv tus account lub postulates ntawm Newton thiab Maxwell, lub electrons nyob rau hauv kev yuav tsum crumble rau tus tub ntxhais, zoo li lawg rau hauv av.

Ntawm cov hoob kawm, tsis muaj ib yam tshwm sim nyob rau hauv kev muaj tiag. Tej atom tsis tsuas heev resistant, tab sis muaj tej zaum yuav ua tau heev unlimited lub sij hawm, wherein tsis muaj tawg yuav tsis ploj mus. Qhov no tsis sib xws yog piav los ntawm tus fact tias mus rau qhov microworld peb sim mus thov cai lij choj uas siv tau xwb nyob rau hauv kev sib hwm ntawm classical mechanics. Lawv muab tawm rau atomic-scale phenomena yog tsis muaj feem xyuam rau tag nrho cov. Thiab vim hais tias cov qauv ntawm cov atom (Science News for KIDS, Qib 11) phau ntawv sau phau ntawv sim piav qhia kom ntau li ntau tau nyob rau hauv cov lus yooj yim.

Bohr cov lus qhuab qhia

Danish physicist Niels Bohr tau qhov tseeb hais tias nyob rau hauv lub microcosm yuav tsis raug mus rau lub qub kev cai, cov kev cai ntawm cov uas yog siv tau rau macroscopic khoom. Nws yog nws lub tswv yim tias cov microcosm ntawm "coj" thiaj tau tuaj los ntawm quantum cai. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, ces muaj tsis muaj quantum kev tshawb xav nws tus kheej, tab sis Bor yeej pib nws txwv zeej txwv koob, hnov lawv cov kev xav rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm peb postulates hais tias "txais kev cawmdim" lub atom, nws yuav inevitably tua, yog hais tias nws "nyob" raws li Rutherford lub theory. Nws yog no ziag no Dane yog lub hauv paus ntawm tag nrho cov quantum mechanics.

Bohr lub postulates

  • Tus thawj ntawm cov nyeem tej atomic system yuav ua tau tsuas nyob rau hauv ib atomic lub xeev, thiab rau txhua tus ntawm lawv ib tug tej yam ntxwv nqi ntawm lub zog (E). Yog hais tias nyob ruaj ruaj lub xeev ntawm cov atom (nyob ntsiag to), ces emit nws tsis tau.
  • Qhov thib ob postulate hais tias tus emission ntawm lub teeb zog tshwm sim xwb nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev hloov ntawm ib lub xeev uas muaj ntau zog nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau hauj sim. Raws li, lub zog tso yog sib npaug zos rau qhov txawv ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm ob ruaj ruaj xeev.

Niels Bohr qauv ntawm lub atom

tus paub txog pom tias nyob rau hauv 1913 los ntawm cov semiclassical kev tshawb xav. Nws yog noteworthy tias nyob rau hauv nws lub hauv paus nws pw planetary qauv ntawm Rutherford, uas ua ntej nws piav txog tus atom ntawm substance. Peb twb hais tias classical mechanics suav Rutherford tooj: rau lub hauv paus ntawm nws, nws tau lam xav hais tias nrog lub sij hawm lub electron paub los poob rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub atom.

Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav "tau nyob ib ncig ntawm" no contradiction, tus paub txog tau qhia ib tug tshwj xeeb kev txais neeg kawm. Nws essence lies nyob rau hauv lub fact tias radiate zog (uas yuav tsum ua rau lawv poob), electrons tsuas mus nyob rau hauv tej qho kev orbit. Thaum tsiv raws li lawv lwm trajectories liam tshuaj atoms nyob twj ywm nyob rau hauv ib tug passive lub xeev. Raws li Bohr tus txoj kev xav, xws orbits yog cov ntau point zog uas yog sib npaug zos rau Planck lub qhov.

Lub quantum kev tshawb xav ntawm atomic qauv

Raws li peb tau hais tias, rau hnub tim, nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm lub quantum kev tshawb xav ntawm atomic qauv. Science News for KIDS xyoo tsis ntev los coj thiaj tau tuaj los ntawm nws. Nws yog raws li nyob rau hauv plaub yuav tsum muaj axioms.

1. Ua ntej, lub duality (corpuscular-yoj xwm) ntawm lub electron nws tus kheej. Cias muab, lub particle behaves thiab yuav ua li cas cov khoom kwv (ib tug corpuscle), thiab raws li ib tug yoj. Raws li cov particle muaj ib tug meej xwb thiab loj. Lub peev xwm ntawm lub electrons mus rau lub diffraction nyob rau hauv ntau nrog classical tsis. Qhov no tib yoj ntev (λ) thiab particle tshaj tawm (v) yuav tsum txuas mus rau txhua lwm yam los ntawm tshwj xeeb de Broglie piv: λ = h / mv. Raws li tej zaum koj yuav twv, m - qhov loj ntawm lub electron.

2. coordinates thiab velocities ntawm tus hais rau ntsuas nrog tsis precision yog kiag li tsis yooj yim sua. Qhov ntau meej txiav txim tswj, ntau dua qhov lub uncertainty nyob rau hauv tus tshaj tawm. Raws li, txawm li cas los, thiab vice versa. Qhov no tshwm sim yog hu ua Heisenberg paub tsis meej, uas yuav tsum tau qhia los ntawm cov nram qab no piv: Δx ∙ m ∙ Δv> z / 2. Delta X (Δh) qhia uncertainty txoj hauj lwm tswj nyob rau hauv qhov chaw. Raws li, raws V (Δv) nruab nrab yog cov kev ceev kev ua yuam kev.

3. Contrary rau tag nrho cov yav tas los nrov kev ntseeg, lub electrons tsis kis tau los ntawm ib tug ncaj qha txhais orbits li u nyob ntsia. Quantum kev tshawb xav hais tias ib tug electron yuav ua tau nyob rau hauv tej taw tes nyob rau hauv qhov chaw, tab sis qhov tshwm sim ntawm no yog sib txawv rau txhua ya.

Hais tias ib feem ntawm lub chaw ncaj qha ib ncig ntawm lub atomic nucleus nyob rau hauv uas no muaj tseeb yog ib txhis, yog hu ua tus orbital. Niaj hnub nimno Science News for KIDS qauv ntawm cov electron zoo li ntawm atoms ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb los ntawm no taw tes ntawm view. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, tsev kawm ntawv yuav qhia qhov tseeb muab faib rau cov electrons los ntawm cov ntau ntau, tab sis, feem ntau yuav, nyob rau hauv kev muaj tiag, lawv txawv heev txawv.

4. Cov tub ntxhais muaj xws li ib tug atom ntawm nucleons (protons thiab neutrons). Cov naj npawb ntawm lub caij nyob rau hauv lub periodic rooj qhia cov naj npawb ntawm cov protons nyob rau hauv nws cov keeb, thiab qhov tawm ntawm cov protons thiab neutrons yog sib npaug zos rau cov atomic loj. Ntawm no yog yuav ua li cas los mus piav qhia cov qauv ntawm cov atom nucleus Science News for KIDS ntawm niaj hnub no.

Cov founders ntawm quantum mechanics

Nco ntsoov tus zaum uas ua tus loj tshaj tshab rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm no tseem ceeb sector: lub Fabkis physicist Louis de Broglie, Heisenberg German, Austrian, Schrodinger, lub Englishman Dirac. Tag nrho cov neeg raug tom qab muab tsub lub Nobel nqi zog.

Ntev npaum li cas puas tau Science News for KIDS? Tus qauv ntawm cov atom feem ntau ntawm cov kws tshuaj ntawm cov xyoo tau pom tias yooj yim heev: ntau tsuas yog los ntawm 1947 thaum kawg pom qhov tseeb ntawm lub neej ntawm cov elementary hais.

Qee cov lus xaus

Feem ntau, qhov kev tsim ntawm quantum kev tshawb xav tsis tau tsis muaj cov lej, vim tias tag nrho cov kev sib tw yuav raug xam tsuas yog siv cov feem ntau cov lus teb. Tab sis qhov nyuaj nyuaj yog tsis yog qhov no. Cov txheej txheem uas tau piav qhia los ntawm qhov kev xav no tsis muaj txiaj ntsim rau peb qhov kev xav, txawm tias txhua yam txuj ci niaj hnub no, tab sis kuj yog lub tswv yim.

Tsis muaj leej twg txawm yuav xav txog qhov kev xav hauv cov microcosm, txij li thaum lawv tsis zoo li tag nrho cov phenomena uas peb saib hauv lub macrocosm. Cia li xav tias: tsis ntev los no discoveries hais tias quarks, neutrinos thiab lwm yam kev txhais tau hais tias muaj nyob rau hauv 9-dimensional (!) Dimension. Tus neeg nyob hauv qhov chaw uas muaj peb sab yuav ua li cas thiaj li piav tau lawv tus cwj pwm?

Tam sim no, peb tuaj yeem tso siab rau kev ua lej thiab lub hwj chim ntawm cov computers uas niaj hnub, uas, tej zaum, yuav siv coj los ua qauv rau cov qauv siv nyiaj. Tshuaj Chemistry kuj pab tau ntau: cov qauv ntawm cov atom yog yuav tsum tau rov qab dua tom qab tsis ntev los no cov kws tshawb fawb ua hauj lwm hauv daim teb no qhia txog kev nrhiav tau ib hom tshuaj tshiab ntawm cov tshuaj.

Niaj hnub tswvyim ntawm tus qauv ntawm lub cev

Yog tias koj ua tib zoo nyeem tag nrho cov saum toj no, ces nco ntsoov koj tus kheej tuaj yeem qhia qhov pom ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov khoom muaj nqes. Tab sis tseem peb yuav piav qhia: qhov no yog qhov kev tshawb fawb me ntsis ntawm Rutherford, supplemented los ntawm cov nyiaj Priceless postulates ntawm Niels Bohr. Tsuas yog, hnub no nws ntseeg tias cov electrons txav raws chaotic, qhov muag plooj trajectories nyob ze ntawm lub nucleus, uas muaj neutrons thiab protons. Qhov ntawm qhov chaw nyob ib ncig ntawm nws, uas qhov muag ntawm electron feem ntau yuav, yog hu ua orbital.

Nws tseem tsis tau hais tau hais raws li peb lub tswv yim hais txog cov qauv ntawm cov atom yuav hloov yav tom ntej. Txhua txhua hnub cov kws tshawb fawb ua hauj lwm ntawm qhov tob hauv lub microworld: lub LHC (tus loj andron Collider), lub Nobel Prizes hauv physics - tag nrho qhov no yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb no.

Tab sis txawm tam sim no peb tsis txawm qhia ib daim duab txog dab tsi lub atoms tseem tseem nkaum. Nws yog tseeb tsuas hais tias atom tus kheej nyob rau hauv lub teev ntawm lub microworld yog ib chav tsev loj loj, uas peb tau kuaj tsuas yog thawj hauv pem teb, thiab txawm tias tsis tag. Yuav luag txhua txhua xyoo muaj cov lus ceeb toom ntawm kev tshawb pom ntau dua thiab ntau dua theem qis. Thaum txoj kev kawm txog cov cuabyeej yuav tiav, hnub no tsis muaj leej twg yuav twv tau.

Suffice nws hais tias peb lub tswv yim txog lawv pib hloov tsuas yog thaum 1947, thaum lub npe hu ua V-particles. Ua ntej ntawd, tib neeg tsuas muaj me ntsis tob txog qhov theories ntawm chemistry yog los ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19. Tus qauv ntawm lub atom yog qhov txuj lom zem, qhov zoo tshaj plaws minds ntawm noob neej yog koom nrog daws nws.

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