Aliphatic hydrocarbons - dab tsi yog qhov no?

Aliphatic hydrocarbons - yog organic tebchaw uas nws molecules muaj tsuas ib bonds. Cov no muaj xws alkanes thiab cycloparaffins, lawv nta yuav tau los sib tham nyob rau hauv peb cov ntaub ntawv uas.

Cov kev mis ntawm alkanes

Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov hoob kawm no yog yus muaj los ntawm cov general mis SpN2p + 2. Los ntawm paraffins muaj xws li tag nrho cov tebchaw muaj ib qho qhib saw nyob rau lub atoms yog kev cob cog rua rau txhua lwm yam los ntawm ib bonds. Vim lub fact tias nyob rau hauv ib txwm tej yam kev mob, aliphatic hydrocarbons yog tsawg lub tebchaw, lawv tau lawv lub npe "paraffins". Cia peb nrhiav tau tawm ib co ntawm cov yam ntxwv nta ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm no hauv chav kawm ntawv, qhov xwm ntawm bonds nyob rau hauv molecules, kev siv ntawm cov lag luam.

Qhia qhov tseemceeb txog ntawm methane

Raws li qhov nyuaj tus neeg sawv cev ntawm no hauv chav kawm ntawv tej zaum yuav tau hais methane. Nws yog nws leej twg pib ib tug series ntawm aliphatic hydrocarbons. Yuav kom qhia nws txawv nta.

Methane yog gaseous nyob rau hauv ib txwm tej yam kev mob tshuaj tsis muaj tsw thiab xim. Cov compound tsim los ntawm decomposition nyob rau hauv cov xwm tsis muaj cov atmospheric oxygen nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj cov kab mob no. Piv txwv li, nws yog nyob rau hauv tej yam ntuj tso roj, txawm li cas los tam sim no siv nyob rau hauv loj qhov ntau raws li ib tug roj nyob rau hauv lub ntau lawm thiab nyob rau hauv lub tsev.

Yuav ua li cas hom tshuaj daim ntawv cog lus yog cov hydrocarbons? Aliphatic, limiting covalent organic tebchaw yog ncov qaumteb qabteb molecules.

Lub molecule muaj tetrahedral daim ntawv methane molecule, lub hom hybridization ntawm carbon atoms nyob rau hauv SP3, uas sib raug mus rau lub ncab lub 109 degrees 28 feeb. Nws yog vim li no, aliphatic hydrocarbons - yog sib tsawg lub tebchaw.

Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog methane homologues

Sib nrug los ntawm methane nyob rau hauv tej yam ntuj tso roj thiab crude roj muaj lwm yam hydrocarbons, uas muaj ib tug zoo xws li cov qauv nrog nws. Tus thawj plaub sawv cev homologous series paraffins yog nyob rau hauv ib tug gaseous lub xeev ntawm aggregation, muaj ib tug uas tsis muaj solubility nyob rau hauv cov dej.

Nrog ua magnitude ntawm txheeb ze molecular loj cai nce nyob rau hauv lub kub kub thiab lub melting CxHy. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm ib tug xov tooj yog ib qhov txawv CH2, uas yog hu ua homologous txawv. Nws yog ib tug ncaj qha kev paub ntawm cov compound teej tug mus rau qhov no organic kab.

Tag nrho aliphatic hydrocarbons - yog yam tshuaj uas yog nkag soluble nyob rau hauv cov organic solvents.

isomerism series

Rau cov neeg sawv cev ntawm ob peb paraffins isomerism yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov pa roj carbon lub cev pob txha. Nws yog vim tau ntawm spatial kev sib hloov nyob ib ncig ntawm cov pa roj carbon atom ntawm cov tshuaj bonds. Piv txwv li, rau tebchaw C4H10 hydrocarbon muaj pes tsawg leeg yuav coj ncaj carbon lub cev pob txha - butane. Raws li ib tug yam ntxwv isomer yuav ua 2-methylpropane, muaj ib tug branched qauv.

Raug tshuaj zog yam ntxwv ntawm paraffins, nws yog tsim nyog los nco ntsoov rau hauv lub hloov cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Saturation bonds piav txog cov complexity ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab nws cov radical mechanism. Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav tau halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbon, nws yog tsim nyog los ua kev cai lub halogenation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, ntws lub xub ntiag ntawm UV tawg. Saw xwm ntawm no sis tshwm sim nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov neeg ntawm ib tug muab series. Cov uas ua khoom yog hu ua tus halo derivatives. Lawv yog lug siv nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj raws li kev lag luam organic solvents.

Ntxiv mus, tag nrho cov aliphatic thiab uas muaj ntxhiab hydrocarbons hlawv nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm oxygen mus rau daim ntawv dej thiab carbon dioxide. Nyob ntawm seb qhov feem pua ntawm cov pa roj carbon nyob rau hauv lub molecule yog faib ib tug txawv npaum li cas ntawm tshav kub. Txawm li cas los ntawm teej tug mus rau cov chav kawm ntawv ntawm cov organic tebchaw, tag nrho cov combustion dab yog exothermic tshua uas yog siv nyob rau hauv tsev neeg thiab kev lag luam.

Ua daim ntawv thov muaj methane thiab dehydrogenation (hydrogen abstraction). Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm txoj kev no ua acetylene, uas yog ib tug tseem ceeb tshuaj feedstock.

Kev siv cov alkanes thiab chlorinated alkanes

Dichloromethane, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride - kua yog cov sib txawv organic solvents. Chloroform thiab iodoform siv nyob rau hauv niaj hnub tshuaj. Lub decomposition ntawm methane yog ib tug ntawm cov muaj txoj kev rau cov pa roj carbon dub, yuav tsum tau rau cov siv thiab ua cov printing inks. Methane yog suav tias yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov tshuaj kev lag luam nyob rau hauv lub hydrogen gas mus rau zus tau tej cov ammonia thiab lub synthesis ntawm heev heev organic tshuaj.

unsaturated hydrocarbons

Unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons - lawv yog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm ethylene thiab acetylene. Cais lawv yooj yim zog thiab daim ntawv thov. Rau alkene tsiag ntawv los ntawm muaj ib tug muab ob npaug rau daim ntawv cog lus, yog li ntawd tag nrho cov xov tooj ntawm cov mis muaj rau hauv daim SpN2p.

Xav qhov xwm ntawm cov unsaturated tebchaw, tej zaum nws yuav muab sau tseg tias lawv xav li cas lub tebchaw: hydrogenation, halogenation, co, gidrogalogenirovaniya. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm ethylene muaj peev xwm ntawm polymerization. Nws yog qhov no feature yuav ua rau lawv cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov chav kawm ntawv thov nyob rau hauv cov niaj hnub tshuaj ua lag luam. Polyethylene thiab polypropylene - ib yam khoom uas constituting puag polymer kev lag luam.

Acetylene - tus thawj tug tswv cuab ntawm lub series muaj cov kev mis SpN2p-2. Ntawm cov txawv nta ntawm cov tebchaw yuav paub qhov txawv cov xub ntiag ntawm lub triple daim ntawv cog lus. Nws muaj qhia txog cov ndlwg ntawm ib tug compound tshua nrog halogens, dej, hydrogen halide, hydrogen. Yog hais tias lub triple daim ntawv cog lus nyob rau hauv xws tebchaw yog nyob rau hauv thawj txoj hauj lwm, ces lub alkyne yog yus muaj los ntawm qhov zoo hloov cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog cov nyiaj complex ntsev. Qhov no muaj peev xwm yog ib tug zoo tshuaj tiv thaiv rau ib tug alkyne, yog siv los xyuas txog nws nyob rau hauv admixture nrog ib tug alkene thiab alkane.

Cov uas muaj ntxhiab hydrocarbons yog unsaturated cyclic tebchaw, tiam sis lawv yuav tsis suav tias yog mus aliphatic tebchaw.

xaus

Dua li ntawm qhov sib txawv nyob rau hauv lub quantitative muaj pes tsawg leeg uas twb muaj lawm nyob rau hauv cov neeg sawv cev ntawm nyeem thiab unsaturated aliphatic tebchaw, lawv zoo sib xws nyob rau hauv zoo qhia molecules muaj carbon thiab hydrogen. Txawv nyob rau hauv lub quantitative muaj pes tsawg leeg (ntau general qauv) cov neeg sawv cev ntawm nyeem thiab unsaturated CxHy piav qhov sib txawv nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv mechanisms tsim ntau yam khoom.

Uas yog vim li cas cov mej zeej ntawm tag nrho cov chav kawm ntawm cov tebchaw nkag mus rau hauv lub combustion cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsim carbon dioxide, dej, allocating ib qhov nqi ntawm tshav kub zog, uas ua rau lawv nrov raws li ib tug roj nyob rau hauv txhua txhua hnub lub neej thiab kev lag luam.