Administrative hwv unit. administrative division

Ib tug xov tooj ntawm zoo xws li cov ntsiab lus thiab tseem ceeb ntawm cov tswv yim pab qhia txog cov kev nom kev tswv qauv ntawm ib lub teb chaws. Qhov no "administrative-hwv tsev" thiab "administrative-hwv lub koom haum," thiab "administrative division" (ATD).

Yuav ua li cas yog lub hwv division ntawm lub teb chaws thiab yuav ua li cas nws tshwm sim?

Raws li ib tug txoj cai, lub ADT yog ib lub tswvyim nrog ib tug broad txaus lub ntsiab lus. Administrative division tej zaum yuav rub li ib daim ntawv qhia ntawm lub teb chaws, muaj raws ntawm cais kev kawm. Nom tswv thiab thaj xeev txoj kev npaj - qhov feem ntau incarnation ntawm ADT, uas, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, yuav tsum ntaus nqi raws li ib tug txheej txheem ntawm ncaj qha kev faib ntawm lub teb chaws mus rau hauv nyias muaj nyias ib chav. zoning txheej txheem thiab kev siv ntawm ADT yog heev uas zoo sib xws, tab sis lub ntsiab qhov txawv nruab nrab ntawm lawv yog tias tus thawj tswj-hwv units (ATU - lub ntsiab keeb ntawm cov ADT qauv) yog teem los ntawm pej xeem cov tub ceev xwm. Fastening ib thaj tsam ntawm txhua yam kev kawm ua officially paub tseeb hais tias los ntawm cov kev cai ntawm.

Yuav ua li cas yog kev nom kev tswv subdivisions?

Administrative hwv unit nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws feem ntau suav hais tias yog cheeb tsam. Meanwhile administrative division muaj ib tug volumetric system uas ua hauj lwm thiaj tau tuaj nyob rau hauv ib tug hierarchical yam. Raws li "ua zes menyuam roj hmab" ADT system yog ib tug ntau yam kev tswj theem. Nyob rau txhua theem, muaj yog nws kev nom kev tswv thiab kev teeb tsa.

Lub totality ntawm lub hwv units ntawm cov thawj, thib ob, thib peb kev txiav txim, thiab lwm yam, kom ADT system, raug rau tag nrho cov niaj hnub lub xeev. Lub division rau hauv txawv muaj ntau seem ntawm tag nrho cov sij hawm yuav tau periodic, hloov los ntawm ib tug degree ntawm complexity thiab elaboration. Ruaj ruaj khov administrative-hwv division yog ib tug feature tsuas ntawm cov niaj hnub hauv lub xeev. Meanwhile, nyob rau hauv lub regularity yuav suav hais tias muab faib rau lub teb chaws lub chaw uas zoo heev nrog me me los yog tsis muaj residue rau cov hauj lwm rau ntawm cov neeg, yog ywj siab los ntawm txhua lwm yam theem (cheeb tsam). Lub hwj chim, raws li ib tug txoj cai, nyob rau hauv txhua tus ntawm lawv, feem ntau sawv cev rau lub xeev, tiam sis feem ntau txhua administrative hwv tsev muaj cai rau nws tus kheej-tsoom fwv los yog autonomy.

Keeb kwm cawv rau cov tsim ntawm ib tug ADT system

Division of lub xeev nyob rau tej theem - ib tug tshwm sim uas muaj heev ancient keeb kwm thiab ib tug ntev li keeb kwm. Cov feem ntau cov tawm piv txwv yuav raug hu ua ATD division ntawm lub Roman faj tim teb chaws nyob rau hauv lub xeev. Nrog kev xav txog lub sij hawm ntawm feudalism, muaj yog, on qhov tsis tooj, lub qhov infighting tiv thaiv tau tus tsim ntawm mus tas li chav nyob. Cov qauv no ntawm tsoom fwv txhais tau tias tus yam ntxwv division ntawm lub nroog, uas yog kav los ntawm feudal teb.
Raws li tus nom kav lub teb chaws thiab lub tswv nyob rau hauv ib tug neeg, ib tug neeg sawv cev ntawm nws cov qeb txiav yuav tus tswv ntawm lub chaw uas zoo heev thiab tus muab tau noj.

Uas feem xyuam rau lub txheej txheem ntawm kev tswj regionalization ntawm lub xeev?

Nyob rau hauv sib piv rau lub medieval txoj kev ntawm lub neej ntawm lub xeev, hnub no tus thawj tswj division system yog siv los ntawm yuav luag tag nrho cov niaj hnub tsim lub teb chaws. Cov kev hloov ntawm kev feudalism rau Centralized hwj chim los ua cuab yuav tsum tau ib tug tshaj dhau kho nqi lus ntawm txoj kev ib qho chaw uas zoo heev.

Cov xwm txheej ntawm kev tswj-hwv units yog lom zem ntau los ntawm tus peculiarities ntawm lub regional qauv. Vim qhov no system, raws li twb tau hais, nws yog tsim dua ib lub sij hawm ntev thiab yog lub txiaj ntsim ntawm txoj evolutionary dab uas cov thawj tswj hwv tsev tej zaum yuav tsim los ntawm superposing txawv gradations keeb kwm. Nyob rau hauv kev, lub Lavxias teb sab Regional District txhua nruab nrab yog ib tug ua ke ntawm cov lug:

• ethnocultural;
• keeb kwm;
• sib raug zoo thiab kev nom kev tswv;
• economic;
• natural-geographic.

Haivneeg raws li ib tug zoo tshaj nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm lub hwv thaj tsam ntawm lub cheeb tsam

Rau lub system raws li ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib chav tsev ADT tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm ua si los ntawm haiv neeg thiab kev cai yam. Nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab xeev, qhov no kuj yog ib tug yuav tsum muaj. Ib tug yam ntxwv feature ntawm lub tsim ntawm haiv neeg thiab kev cai rau tej thaj chaw yog hais tias lawv raug tsim nws tus kheej txog qhov yuav ntawm kuj zoo kawg hwj chim nuj nqis, lawv siab nyiam. Txhua link nyob rau hauv lub ADT system raws li txoj ntsiab cai no, muaj ib tug yog leejtwg sawv cev ib tug qhia cell regional qauv.

Txawm li cas los, tsis xav qhov rov tshwm sim ntawm separatist sentiment, thaum tsis tau kom tiav raws cov kev cai ntawm lub teb chaws minorities, ib lub xeev nrog ib tug multi-ethnic population feem ntau txwv tsis pub nws tus kheej los ntawm tej teeb meem los ntawm qhov chaw cheeb tsam ntawm qhov chaw nyob ntawm lub haiv neeg ntau ntawm cov pej xeem.
Vim li cas rau cov tsim ntawm cheeb tsam nrog ib tug pej xeem ntawm ib tug tej haiv neeg yuav hu ua lub cev tsis tsim kom muaj ib tug ntshiab ciam nkauj nraug tej qhov chaw ntawm qhov chaw nyob ntawm haiv neeg.

Raws li keeb kwm los tau pab lub ntsiab txhais ntawm tus neeg noj?

Lwm yuavtsum tau kawm uantej rau hauv lub tsim ntawm hwv units ntawm kev tswj kev faib yog raws li nyob rau hauv keeb kwm yam. Tsis pub dhau ib lub xeev feem ntau daim ntau quav tso cheeb tsam yog tseem muaj ib tug ob peb centuries dhau los, kom cov pej xeem thiab cov tub ceev xwm hauv lub xeev, raws li nws them tribute rau lub teb chaws kev cai. Yuav ua li cas koj hu xov tooj rau ib tug hwv administrative unit nyob rau hauv uas nws lub teb chaws kom meej meej pom tias vim txoj kev loj hlob ntawm sustainable lug, ib qho yooj yim mus twv. Cov chaw no yog hu ua historic. Nws yog ntseeg hais tias tus thawj tswj-hwv chav tsev ntawm lub xeev yuav muaj lub npe, yog hais tias nws ciam teb rau lwm tseem unchanged tshaj yav dhau los kwv yees li 2-3 centuries.

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias yam tseem ceeb ntawm lub keeb kwm kev sib raug zoo ntawm tej cheeb tsam nyob rau hauv qhov kev siv ntawm cov ADT tsis yog nyuaj rau lw nyob rau hauv lub lug ntawm lub xeev ntawm cov laus lub ntiaj teb no. Thiab yog hais tias tus ciam teb ntawm lub teb chaws ntawm cov Nrab Hnub nyoog yuav tsis nyob twj ywm zoo li qub, tus qauv ntawm ib tug neeg cov cheeb tsam tseem ruaj khov, tsiv mus rau lwm yam rulers nyob rau hauv lawv cov thawj daim ntawv no. Niaj hnub nimno cov teb chaws Europe, raws li feem ntau historians, raws li nyob rau hauv compact feem txhais los ntawm ib qho hwv hlwb txawm hais tias ib tug feudal daim ntawv ntawm tsoom fwv.

Lwm yam ntawm tus thawj tswj-hwv division ntawm lub teb chaws

Socio-thoj thiab economic yam cuam tshuam rau hwv qauv ntawm lub teb chaws yog tsis tsawg tshaj li tus saum toj no-hais yog vim li cas. kev sib hais haum hauv paus ntsiab lus yog raws li nyob rau hauv lub thiaj li hu ua davhlau ya nyob twg qhov chaw. Major thawj tswj thiab hwv tsev yeej ib txwm tau ib feem cheeb tsam ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus ntawm lub teb chaws cov pej xeem. Lub system ntawm "center-periphery" yog tsim, raws li ib tug txoj cai, raws li nyob rau hauv lawv thaj orientation koom thiab sustainable kev sib raug zoo ntawm lwm davhlau ya nyob twg qhov chaw.

Pej xeem yam, uas yog cov kev, kev nom kev tswv thiab nyiaj txiag hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm ADT, nws yog ib qho yooj yim mus soj ntsuam cov tsim ntawm cheeb tsam nyob rau hauv lub xeev muaj tsawg pronounced ethno-lis kev cai thiab keeb kwm kev teeb tsa. Feem ntau cov feem ntau cov no yog cov tub ntxhais teb chaws unitary hwj chim kiag li lawm. Piv txwv li lub xeev yuav ua lub teb chaws lub central-sab hnub tuaj teb chaws Europe.

Administrative hwv tsev tej zaum yuav tsim raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm cov cawv rau hauv tus txheej txheem ATD ntuj thaj nta. Piv txwv li, ib tug piv txwv shining tej zaum yuav muaj cov kob los yog roob qhov chaw ntawm lub xeev.

Nta ntawm tus thawj tswj-hwv unit nyob rau hauv Russia

ADT Lavxias teb sab Federation yog lub tseem ceeb tshaj plaws feem ntawm lub regional koom haum ntawm lub teb chaws. Tag nrho cov system ntawm tsoom fwv, lub tsev thiab kev tso kawm ntawm tsoom fwv lub cev, tsoom fwv hauv zos lub cev thiab pej xeem koom haum ua teb yog raws li nyob rau hauv cov nom tswv thiab cov thawj tswj kev faib. Niaj hnub no, cov hwv qauv ntawm Russia yog lom zem ntau vim kev txom tshav puam ntawm lub xeev, raws li zoo raws li lub widest ntau yam ntawm influencing tsim ntawm noj yam: pej xeem, nyiaj txiag, tej yam ntuj tso, haiv neeg thiab kev cai.

Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm hwv division nyob rau hauv Russia

Administrative-hwv units ntawm Russia nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov ua raws li tsoom fwv teb chaws lub xeev cov qauv. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, ADT nyob rau hauv Russia yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv lwm qhov chaw - kiag. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub thawj tswj thiab hwv division tsim nyog rau cov orderly realization ntawm cov kev khiav dej num ntawm sovereign tswj, lub teb chaws tus zoning system yuav sib faib mus rau hauv feem rau ib qho yooj yim siv ntawm cov tsoom fwv hauv zos.

Tseem ntawm ADT nyob rau hauv ib co chaw thiab lub peev

Nyob rau hauv Russia, cov le caag los tus piv ntawm cov thawj tswj kev faib thiab tis ntawm cov chaw yuav tsum qhia tias:

1. Los ntawm combining ob txoj kev ntawm tsim ntawm lub regional (lub ntsiab lus hais tias chaw ciam teb yuav coincide nrog rau ib thaj tsam ntawm cov thawj tswj cheeb tsam tsev). Piv txwv li, xws li ib tug tswvyim txhais nyob rau hauv Chelyabinsk ATD.
2. Tag nrho cov kev cai lij choj mismatch ob ntau yam ntsig txog kev faib txoj kev (ib thaj tsam ntawm cov thawj tswj chav nyob thiab chaw tej zaum yuav txawv). Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub Sverdlovsk cheeb tsam ADT ua raws li txoj ntsiab cai no.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub sib cais ntawm variants ntawm cov chaw no, ib co ntxiv khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg tej zaum yuav muaj nyob rau hauv ib co thaj tsam ntawm Russia. Nyob rau hauv kev, lub capital ntawm Lavxias teb sab xeev yog muab faib los ntawm tus municipality kom paub tias cheeb tsam (146 intracity territories tsoom fwv teb chaws lub nroog) , thiab 12 cov thawj tswj cheeb tsam tsev.