Tus nqi thiab ntsiab cai ntawm lub lag luam ntawm analyzers thiab tsis totaub

Tag nrho cov nyob yam rau lub ntiaj teb xav tau cov lus qhia txog cov ib puag ncig nyob rau hauv uas muaj sia nyob ua neej nyob, thiab tus txiv neej yog tsis muaj exception. Cov tau muab cov lus qhia txog cov ib puag ncig muab rhiab (sensor) system. Tej yam kev ua si, piav thoob hlo xaav receptor pib nrog cov stimulus zog thiab nws cov transformation mus rau hauv paj impulses, thiab kis cov impulses los ntawm lub paj hlwb neural Circuit Court, uas converts lub paj impulses kom meej ncus, xws li hnov, olfactory, nrig txog kev pom, tactile, thiab lwm tus neeg.

Yuav ua li cas yog lub analyzers thiab cov tib neeg tsis totaub? Nyob rau qhov no tom qab.

rau analyzers

Thaum lub sij hawm txoj kev kawm ntawm lub physiology piav thoob hlo tshuab Academician Pavlov , IP Nws tsim ib tug ua hauj lwm ntawm lub analyzers. Txhua analyzer peb kev sib cais: lub hauv paus, peripheral thiab neeg xyuas pib.

Ib tug peripheral feem ntawm receptors sawv cev - paj txoj uas yog nkag xwb rau tej stimuli xim hom. Lawv muaj nyob rau hauv qhov txhia, lawv coj.

Analyzers thiab piav thoob hlo kabmob: lawv cov qauv thiab muaj nuj nqi

Lub analyzer muaj ib tug raug tus qauv. Nws muaj ib tug receptor Department, lub conductive ib feem thiab lub hauv paus chaw ua hauj lwm. Receptor los yog lub peripheral ib feem ntawm lub analyzer yuav tuaj raws li ib tug receptor. Nws perceives thiab ua thawj ua ntawm tej yam lus qhia. Piv txwv li, ib lub suab yoj yog kuaj tau los ntawm lub pob ntseg curl, lub teeb - lub qhov muag siab - daim tawv nqaij receptors.

Nyob rau hauv txoj kabmob ntawm kev nkag siab (saj, tsis pom kev, lub rooj sib hais), nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub receptors, lub xub ntiag ntawm koom haum pab cov lug zoo xaav ntawm lub stimulus thiab kev khiav hauj lwm cov kabmob, kev tiv thaiv thiab lwm yam kev khiav dej num. Piv txwv li, cov nyiaj them yug lug ntawm lub nrig txog kev pom analyzer pib ob lub qhov muag, thaum lub nrig txog kev pom receptors - tsuas yog rhiab hlwb (rods thiab cones). Receptors yuav ua tau distinguished sab nrauv, uas yog cov txheej txheem ntawm nyob rau hauv lub cev nto voos thiab pom lwm tus ib puag ncig thiab nrog hnov voos nrog ib puag ncig thiab kabmob.

Yuav ua li cas yog analyzers thiab tsis totaub?

Division neeg xyuas pib analyzer qhia paj fibers uas ua paj impulses nyob rau hauv lub central lub paj hlwb los ntawm cov receptor (hnov, olfactory, optic paj, thiab lwm yam).

Central Pem hauv ntej analyzer nruab nrab yog ib tug tej yam feem ntawm lub cerebral cortex, nyob rau hauv uas lub synthesis thiab tsom xam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv muab los ntawm lub sensor thiab hloov nws mus rau hauv ib qho ncus (olfactory, nrig txog kev pom, thiab lwm yam).

Ib tug prerequisite rau lub qub lag luam ntawm lub analyzer yuav hu ua lub sam xeeb ntawm tag nrho cov peb ntawm nws cov kev sib cais. Yuav ua li cas ua lub tsis totaub thiab analyzers? Ntxiv rau hais tias hauv qab no.

Lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm lub nrig txog kev pom analyzer

Lub receptor ib feem ntawm cov lug sawv cev rau lub qhov muag. Tshuaj lom neeg tshua no tsim ib qho hluav taws xob mem tes uas kis los ntawm tus optic paj, thiab yog npaj nyob rau hauv lub occipital lobe cortex.

Lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm lub hnov analyzer. Receptor pob ntseg ntawm no. Cov txheej ib feem ntawm nws yuav sound, qhov nruab nrab los tom ntej no. Lub teeb liab txav raws hnov paj mus rau lub hlwb, nws sab nqaij daim tawv lobes.

Ua hauj lwm ntawm lub olfactory analyzer. Lub olfactory epithelium npog lub puab membrane ntawm lub qhov ntswg. Lawv ntaus nqi tus ntxhiab molecules, nws ua li tsim paj impulses.

Ua hauj lwm saj analyzers. Lawv saj buds yog - rhiab tshuaj receptors uas teb rau tshuaj.

Muaj tactile, kub, mob analyzers - kuj muaj xws li receptors rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Cia peb xav txog nyob rau hauv ntau yam ntawm lub tswvyim ntawm "tsis totaub" thiab "analyzers".

hloov khoom nruab nrog uas tsis pom kev

Qhov loj tshaj plaws nqi ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov sab nraud ntiaj teb no yog kis tau mus rau tib neeg los ntawm cov khoom hauv nrog cev ntawm lub xub ntiag, uas yog, lub qhov muag, uas muaj ib tug pab apparatus thiab cov ceev ceev. Ceev ceev nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ib feem ntawm lub pob txha taub hau nyob rau hauv lub caij so-orbit, tiv thaiv nws cov sab sauv thiab sab tawv muag daj los ntawm cov neeg kho tshuab kev puas tsuaj, raws li zoo raws li lub plaub muag thiab lub frontal projections, qhov ntswg thiab malar cranial cov pob txha.

Analyzers thiab tib neeg tsis totaub cim.

Nyob rau hauv lub ces kaum ntawm lub qhov muag socket yog verhnenaruzhnogo lacrimal qog uas paim lacrimal kua, kua muag, tswj lub zog ntawm tus tawv muag daj, wetting lub nto ntawm lub ceev ceev. Nyob rau hauv lub puab ces kaum yog yuav mus tshaj lub kua muag, nws ntog mus rau hauv lub kua muag ducts thiab ces mus rau hauv lub qhov ntswg kab noj hniav ntawm nasolacrimal ciav. Rau extraocular nqaij txuas ceev ceev thiab pob txha phab ntsa ntawm lub orbit thiab cia rau kev tshem mus, down, toj.

Peb plhaub phab ntsa txoj kev ceev ceev: fibrous (txheej), vascular (nruab nrab) thiab lub retina los yog reticulated (internal). Lub plhaub yog ntau tshaj, lub rear ib feem ntaub ntawv ib tug sclera (tunica tuab daim tawv nqaij), uas nws kis tau mus rau hauv pem hauv ntej pob tshab daim nyias nyias uas yog permeable mus rau lub teeb, - tus cornea. Cov tub ntxhais ntawm lub sclera tiv thaiv lub qhov muag thiab ua rau nws zoo lawm. Qhov muag khoom noj rau cov hlab ntsha, uas yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv lub choroid. Iris, uas yog, nws pem hauv ntej, pigmented, thiab qhov no txiav txim cov xim ntawm cov xim, uas muaj ib lub qhov muag. Yog li ntawd txheej txheem analyzers thiab piav thoob hlo kabmob.

Lub pem hauv ntej chamber ntawm lub qhov muag

Cov anterior chamber - qhov chaw ntawm cov iris thiab lub cornea, vyazkovatoy uas muaj cov kua. Qab lub iris yog ib tug biconvex lens ntawm 10 hli nyob rau hauv txoj kab uas hla - elastic thiab pob tshab lens. Nws yog txuas mus rau lub ciliary nqaij, uas yog nyob rau hauv lub choroid. Yog hais tias qhov nro ntawm lub ligaments yog txo, i.e. lub ciliary nqaij relaxes, lub lens yuav ntau convex vim nws resiliency thiab elasticity, thiab vice versa, lub lens yuav thicker thaum lub sij hawm amplification tensioning ligaments.

Lub rear chamber ntawm lub qhov muag yog lawm ua tus sau nrog kua thiab nyob nruab nrab ntawm lub lens thiab iris. Rau lub lens ntawm lub ceev ceev kab noj hniav yog sau nrog ib tug pob tshab gelatinous loj, qhov thiaj li hu ua vitreous lub cev, uas yog npaj kom muaj tus duab ntawm lub ceev ceev, muab nws yooj thiab, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, kom nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog lub sclera thiab choroid retina. Qhov no yog qhov yooj yim hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov lag luam ntawm lub siab nruab nrog cev thiab analyzers.

lub retina

Retin-A, los yog net-zoo li puab plhaub yog lub feem ntau complex nyob rau hauv cov qauv. Nws cov kab lub phab ntsa ntawm lub ceev ceev los ntawm lub sab hauv. Nws tshwm sim tawm lub paj xaus ntawm qhov optic paj, receptor (photosensitive) hlwb (rods thiab cones) thiab pigmented hlwb uas muaj nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheej ntawm lub retina. Dub pes xim txheej yog saib los ntawm cov lus qhib ntawm tus menyuam. Ntawm no yog yuav ua li cas mus thov cov tsis totaub thiab analyzers.

Qhov muag xav txog kho qhov muag apparatus. Nws lub teeb-refracting system comprising: lub vitreous lub cev, lub lens, cov aqueous kua rear thiab pem hauv ntej lag cornea. Txhua kho qhov muag lub caij ntawm lub system kis tau los ntawm ib lub teeb sab yog refracted, ntog rau retina thiab sib sau ib inverted thiab txo duab ntawm cov khoom pom mus rau lub qhov muag.

Yuav ua li cas analyzers yog txuas tsis totaub, nws tau tam sim no kom meej.

Lub mechanism ntawm photoreception

Lub retina muaj txog 130 lab rods thiab 7 lab cones. Lub cones iodopsin xim yog tam sim no uas tso cai rau perceive xim nyob rau hauv nruab hnub nrig. Lawv muaj peev xwm kuj yuav muab faib ua peb yam, muaj ib tug spectral rhiab heev rau xiav, liab thiab ntsuab xim.

Cov rods thiab cones (photosensitive receptors) thaum raug mus rau lub teeb rays muaj txoj photochemical tshua uas nrog cleavage ntawm nrig txog kev pom pigments rau lub compound. Qhov no muaj txhawb rau ib tug photochemical cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm excitation, yog kis tau rau cov optic paj mus rau lub mem tes rau daim ntawv nyob rau hauv lub diencephalon thiab midbrain (subcortical chaw), thiab ntxiv nyob rau hauv lub occipital lobe ntawm lub cerebral cortex thiab hloov nyob rau hauv nrig txog kev pom nov ntawm nqaij tawv. Nyob rau hauv qhov tsaus ntuj rov qab los nrig txog kev pom ntshav.

Yuav ua li cas yog qhov txawv ntawm cov analyzer thiab lub siab hloov khoom nruab nrog? Ntxiv rau hais tias hauv qab no.

Authority of Health

Yam pab mus rau lub preservation ntawm:

• lub teeb qhov chaw yog nyob rau sab laug;
• chaw ua hauj lwm yuav tsum tau zoo zes;
• los ntawm lub qhov muag los saib xyuas cov kev kawm deb yuav tsum txog 30-35 centimeters.

Nws kuj ua rau yus ib tug deterioration ntawm kev nyeem ntawv nyob rau hauv thauj (txij li thaum lub lossi hloov kev ncua deb ntawm lub lens thiab cov phau ntawv ua rau yus weakening elasticity ciliary nqaij thiab lub lens), los yog pw. Nws yuav tsum tiv thaiv ob lub qhov muag tiv thaiv ingress ntawm heev ci ntsa iab, plua tshauv thiab lwm tus. Yog tsis muaj tsis tseem ceeb kev txiav txim zoo hauv nruab nrog cev thiab analyzers. Biology xeem yuav tsum tau dhau txhua.

hloov khoom nruab nrog ntawm lub rooj sib hais

Rau cov rooj sib hais hloov yog qhov nruab nrab pob ntseg, sab ib feem thiab cov inner pob ntseg.

Cov sab nraud pob ntseg muaj xws li cov auricle thiab lwm hnov kwj dej, nruas ntsej xaus. Tus duab ntawm tus pinna tsa ib tug funnel muaj li ntawm fibrous cov ntaub so ntswg, uas yog them nrog daim tawv nqaij thiab pob txha mos. Qhov ntev ntawm lub txheej hnov kwj dej -. 2-5 cm Kev qog Channel faib sulfuric khov kua, hindering kab mob thiab hmoov av. Lub elastic thiab nyias mus 0.1 hli nruas ntsej txhawb nqa hloov lwm lub tsev mus rau hauv lub nruab nrab pob ntseg suab deeg.

Qhov nruab nrab pob ntseg yog nyob qab lub nruas ntsej nyob rau hauv lub sab nqaij daim tawv pob txha ntawm lub pob txha taub hau. Nws tympanic kab noj hniav muaj ib tug ntim ntawm kwv yees li 1 cm ³ thiab muaj peb ossicles: stapes, incus thiab malleus. Tom qab Eustachian (hnov) raj yog kev cob cog rua rau lub tympanum nasopharynx. Siab rau ob tog ntawm lub nruas ntsej raws los ntawm cov hnov raj, nws kuj koom tes rau kev ncaj ncees.

Heev me me luaj li cas hnov ossicles saw daim ntawv rooj noj nrog txhua lwm yam. Malleus (outermost qhov) yog kev cob cog rua rau lub tympanic membrane, thiab nws lub taub hau nrog rau ib qho thaiv - siv tus txha. Thaiv, nyob rau hauv lem, yog txuas mus rau lub stapes, thiab nws - lub phab ntsa ntawm lub inner pob ntseg. Hnov ossicles nce muaj nuj nqi yog ua 20 lub sij hawm thiab lub acoustic yoj kis tau tus mob mus rau lub inner pob ntseg los ntawm lub nruas ntsej.

Lub puab phab ntsa ntawm lub tympanum, uas cais nruab nrab ntawm cov inner pob ntseg muaj ob lub qhov rais (qhib) - oval thiab puag ncig, uas kaw ntom nti nyias nyias uas nyias nyias. Lub foramen ovale membrane rests stapes.

Muaj ntau cov xav nyob rau hauv lub tsis totaub thiab analyzers. Test nyob rau hauv biology, piv txwv li, muaj cov lus nug nyob rau hauv no lub npe.

Lub inner pob ntseg yog nyob rau hauv lub sab nqaij daim tawv pob txha, nws yog ib tug system ntawm raws thiab muaj kab noj hniav, hu ua lub labyrinth. Ua ke lawv tsim ib tug bony labyrinth, thiab membranous labyrinth yog nyob hauv nws. Ntawm membranous labyrinth thiab pob txha qhov chaw yog lawm ua tus sau nrog kua, hu ua lub perilymph.

Membranous labyrinth hauv yog lawm ua tus sau nrog kua, hu ua endolymph. Peb departments yog faib nyob rau hauv lub inner pob ntseg: lub cochlea, lub semicircular canals thiab lub vestibule. Los ntawm lub rooj sib hais hloov khoom nruab nrog yuav tsum tau ntaus nqi xwb cochlea - pob txha channel spirally twisted 2.5 lem. Cov kab noj hniav ntawm cov channel yog muab faib ua peb qhov chaw los ntawm ob week.

Ib daim nyias nyias, lub ntsiab membrane yog muaj li ntawm connective ntaub so ntswg, uas muaj kwv yees li ntawm 24 txhiab tus me me quav fibers ntawm txawv lengths thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm transversely mus rau lub chav kawm ntawm lub cochlea. Cov coos fibers nyob ntawm lub apex ntawm lub cochlea, thiab cov shortest - nyob rau hauv nws lub hauv paus. Cov fibers yog 5 kab zvukochuvstvitelnyh plaub hau hlwb nrog lub txheej membrane loj hlob saum toj no rau lawv. Ua ke, cov ntsiab tshwm sim tawm lub nruab nrog cev ntawm Corti, uas yog lub receptor apparatus ntawm lub hnov analyzer.

Qhov txawv ntawm cov analyzer thiab piav thoob hlo hloov khoom nruab nrog yog tus analyzer tau txais cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm lub piav thoob hlo hloov khoom nruab nrog uas tau txais nws los ntawm sab nraum lub ntiaj teb no.

Lub mechanism ntawm lub suab xaav

qwj Kua channel hloov mus hloov los coj stapes, uas rests nyob rau hauv oval qhov rais membrane. Qhov no ua rau hloov mus hloov los nyob rau hauv cov thawj membrane resonance fibers. Nrog siab suab suab ua deeg ntawm luv luv fibrils, uas yog nyob rau ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm lub cochlea, thaum uas tsis muaj suab ua rau hloov mus hloov los yog nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm ntev fibrils. Cov plaub hau hlwb nyob rau hauv tib lub sij hawm kov lub yuav tsum vov daim nyias nyias, hloov nws zoo lawm.

Cov plaub hau hlwb, xa mus rau lub txheej ntawm daim nyias nyias hloov zoo. Qhov no ua rau cov excitation yog kis tau mus rau lub mesencephalon nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov pulses ntawm hnov paj fibers, thiab ntau nyob rau hauv lub rooj sib hais cheeb tsam ntawm lub cerebral cortex nqaij daim tawv lobe, qhov twg excitation nkag mus rau hauv hnov nov ntawm nqaij tawv. Cov tib neeg pob ntseg yuav perceive suab ntau zaus 20-20000 Hz.

Hnov Health Authority

Yuav kom txuag tau ib tug lus xaiv, nws yog tsim nyog los tiv thaiv kom txhob cov neeg kho tshuab kev puas tsuaj rau lub nruas ntsej. Pob ntseg kwj dej thiab pob ntseg yuav tsum tau khaws cia huv si. Yog hais tias lub pob ntseg yog sau seem ntawm cov leej faj, nws yog tsim nyog los hu rau ib tug tshwj xeeb. Muaj zog thiab check suab nrov muaj dejnum ntxim rau cov hloov khoom nruab nrog ntawm lub rooj sib hais. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tau kho khaub thuas nyob rau hauv ib tug raws sijhawm, raws li nyob rau hauv lub tympanic kab noj hniav los ntawm cov eustachian raj yuav txeem kab mob thiab ntxias o. Peb rov los xyuas dua analyzers thiab tib neeg kev txiav txim zoo hauv nruab nrog cev.

lwm analyzers

Tseem muaj tiag uas pab yus, gustatory thiab olfactory analyzers. Hu ua kev kov khaus tawv nqaij ob peb receptors. Saj receptors roos peripheral cais saj analyzer (tus nplaig, qhov ncauj mucosa). Lub siab dua chaw zov me nyuam nyob rau hauv lub hlwb. Olfactory analyzer tau txais ntaub ntawv los ntawm receptors nyob rau hauv lub qhov ntswg mucosa. Qhov kev txiav txim ntawm tsis hnov tsw nyob rau hauv tib neeg tsim lub feem ntau weakly, tsis zoo li tsiaj.

Nthuav kev ua hauj lwm ntawm lub vestibular apparatus, ntawm lwm yam uas txoj hauj lwm thiab orientation ntawm lub cev nyob rau hauv qhov chaw. Hnub nyoog thiab cov tub los ntxhais muaj kev cuam tshuam cov efficiency ntawm analyzers. Piv txwv li, cov poj niam muaj ib tug zoo tsim kev txiav txim zoo ntawm tsis hnov tsw thiab lub xaav ntawm cov xim ntxoov. Tus txiv neej saj buds ua hauj lwm zoo dua.

Tus nqi ntawm qhov kev txiav txim nruab nrog cev thiab analyzers

Cov kabmob no tseem ceeb heev rau tib neeg beings. Yog tsis muaj lawv, nws yuav tsis yooj yim kom ciaj sia. Leej twg yog tsis zoo tsim tej kev txiav txim hloov khoom nruab nrog los yog analyzer nta muaj cai nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob thiab kev xaav ntawm lub ntiaj teb no. Lawv tsis qhia lawv tus kheej nyob rau hauv qhov chaw. Tsav zog zoo.