Tungsten: daim ntawv thov zog thiab tshuaj cov yam ntxwv

Niam Xwm tau enriched tib neeg pab tau tshuaj ntsiab. Ib txhia ntawm lawv muab zais rau hauv nws cov depths, thiab yog muaj nyob rau hauv ib tus me me npaum li cas, tab sis lawv tus nqi yog heev tseem ceeb heev. Ib tug xws li yog tungsten. Daim ntawv thov ntawm nws cov khoom tshwj xeeb yog tshwm sim los.

provenance

XVIII caug xyoo - lub xyoo pua ntawm lub foundations ntawm cov periodic rooj - ua yuav tsum muaj nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm no hlau.

Yav tas los nws lam xav hav zoov ntawm ib yam khoom constituting lub mineral hom uas tiv thaiv tau lawv los ntawm melting cov hlau. Piv txwv li, tin tau tau txais tsis yooj yim, yog tias muaj nyob rau hauv lub ore xws caij. Qhov txawv ntawm cov melting ntsiab lus thiab tshuaj haum yuav ua tau kom lub tsim ntawm slag ua npuas ncauj, uas txo tus nqi ntawm cov tin tso zis.

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua VIII hlau yog sequentially qhib Swedish paub txog Scheele thiab lus Mev Elyuar cov kwv tij. Nws tshwm sim raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj thwmsim rau lub oxidation ntawm mineral pob zeb - scheelite thiab wolframite.

Sau npe nyob rau hauv lub periodic system ntawm hais raws li atomic tooj 74. Ib tug tsawg refractory hlau nrog atomic hnyav 183,84 - yog tungsten. Nws siv yog vim qhov txawv thaj chaw uas yog qhib twb nyob rau hauv lub XX caug xyoo.

Qhov twg zoo?

Raws li cov xov tooj nyob rau hauv lub bowels ntawm lub ntiaj teb nws yog ib tug "malonaselyayuschim" thiab occupies 28th qhov chaw. Nws yog ib feem ntawm kwv yees li 22 txawv minerals, tab sis qhov tseem ceeb rau nws cov tsuas muaj 4 ntawm lawv: scheelite (muaj txog 80% trioxide), wolframite, thiab ferberite Gyubnera (yog muaj li ntawm 75-77% txhua). Muaj pes tsawg leeg ores feem ntau muaj impurities nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub ua nrog rau cov "extraction" ntawm co xws li molybdenum, tin, tantalum thiab li ntawd. Qhov loj tshaj plaws deposits yog nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj, Kazakhstan, Canada, teb chaws United States, kuj muaj nyob rau hauv Russia, Portugal, Uzbekistan.

Yuav ua li cas mus tau?

Vim lub khoom tshwj xeeb, raws li tau zoo raws li ib tug uas tsis muaj cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv cov pob zeb technology rau cov ntshiab tungsten yog heev nyuab.

1. Sib Nqus sib cais, electrostatic sib cais los yog flotation nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav txhawb kev kawm lub ore concentration mus txog 50-60% ntawm tungsten oxide.
2. Rho tawm ntawm 99% oxide los ntawm tshuaj tshuaj tiv thaiv uas alkaline los yog acidic reagents thiab lub sij hawm ntawm purification ntawm lub resulting precipitate.
3. Recovering cov hlau ntawm ib tug carbon los yog hydrogen, zam coj hlau hmoov.
4. Qhuav ntawm ingots los yog hmoov sintered cog lus.

Ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb theem ntawm cov hlau cov khoom yog hmoov metallurgy. Nws yog raws li nyob rau hauv ib tug mix ntawm cov hmoov ntawm refractory co, nias thiab tom ntej sintering. Yog li twb npaj ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm technologically tseem ceeb alloys xws li tungsten carbide, daim ntawv thov uas yog tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub muaj ntau lawm ntawm tej cuab yeej thiab muaj hwj huam kuj.

Lub cev thiab tshuaj zog

Tungsten - refractory thiab hnyav hlau nyiaj nrog volume-lub ntxaij ntoo.

• Melting point - 3422? C.
• Boiling point - 5555? C.
• Ceev - 19,25 g / ^cm3.

Nws yog ib tug zoo neeg xyuas pib ntawm hluav taws xob tam sim no. Tsis hlau nplaum. Ib txhia minerals (xws li scheelite) fluorescent.

Resistant rau tus ntawm acids, corrosive ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv kub kev kawm, corrosion thiab kev laus. Deactivation phiv tus ntawm impurities nyob rau hauv steel, kev txhim kho ntawm nws cov tshav kub tsis kam, corrosion kuj thiab tseem muaj txhawb rau kev ntseeg tau ntawm tungsten. Cov kev siv ntawm tej hlau-carbon alloys kev txaus cai lawv processability thiab abrasion kuj.

Neeg kho tshuab thiab hauj zog

Tungsten - khoom, check hlau. Nws hardness yog 488 HB, tensile zog - 1130-1375 Mpa. Thaum txias, tsis yas. Thaum ib tug kub ntawm 1600? C tsub kom ductility rau tsis ua raws cai raws li txoj cai rau siab kev kho mob: forging, dov, yog nqus tau. Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias 1 kg ntawm cov hlau xov tso cai rau ua tag nrho cov qhov ntev ntawm 3 km.

Machining nyuaj vim ntev hardness thiab brittleness. Drilling, tig, milling volframokobaltovye siv carbide ntaub ntawv uas ua los ntawm cov hmoov metallurgy. Tsawg feem ntau, thaum uas tsis muaj speeds, thiab tshwj xeeb tej yam kev mob yog siv los ntawm kev kub ceev steel cuab yeej hlau ntawm tungsten. Standard tej hauv paus ntsiab lus yog tsis muaj feem xyuam, txij li thaum cov khoom sai sai heev hnav tawm thiab ua tungsten tej kab nrib pleb. Tej hom kev kawm yog:

1. Tshuaj kho mob thiab kev impregnation ntawm tus nto txheej, xws li cov kev siv ntawm cov nyiaj rau lub hom phiaj no.
2. Cua sov qhov chaw siv rauv taws nte, roj nplaim taws, ib tug hluav taws xob tam sim no ntawm 0.2 A. Tus permissible kub uas muaj ib co nce nyob rau hauv ductility thiab, yog li ntawd, paub txiav, - 300-450? C.
3. Tej tungsten siv fusible tshuaj.

Sharpening thiab kev sib tsoo yog advantageously nqa tawm nrog kev pab los ntawm cov pob zeb diamond thiab CBN cov cuab yeej, yam tsawg kawg - Corundum.

Vuam ntawm lub refractory hlau yog ua mas nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm lub fais arc, tungsten los yog cov pa roj carbon electrode nyob rau hauv inert roj los yog kua chaw tiv thaiv. Nws yog tseem tau mus siv kuj welding.

Qhov no xyov tshuaj caij muaj yam ntxwv uas txawv nws yuag tag nrho. Yog li, piv txwv li, nws yog yus muaj los ntawm siab thaum tshav kub kub kuj thiab hnav kuj, nws pab cov zoo thiab txiav thaj chaw ntawm doped tungsten steels, thiab siab melting kub tso cai zus tau tej cov filament teeb thiab rau electrodes rau welding.

daim ntawv thov

Rarity, originality thiab tseem ceeb ntawm qhov ua rau dav siv nyob rau hauv niaj hnub siv tshuab los ntawm cov hlau hu ua tungsten - tungsten. Properties thiab daim ntaub ntawv mus nrhiav pov thawj tus nqi ntawm thiab thov. High melting kub indicators, As, hardness, muaj zog, Thaum tshav kub kub kuj thiab kuj mus tshuaj nres thiab corrosion, thiab hnav kuj ntawm tej nta - hais tias nws cov ntsiab phaib. Siv tus neeg mob:

1. filament.
2. Alloying steels nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav tau high-ceev, hnav-resistant, Thaum tshav kub kub-resistant thiab thaum tshav kub kub-resistant hlau-carbon alloys, uas nrhiav tau daim ntawv thov rau zus tau tej cov xyaum thiab lwm yam cuab yeej, punches, springs thiab nplooj springs, ib tug kev tsheb nqaj hlau.
3. Qhuav ntawm "hmoov" khoom alloys siv feem ntau raws li ib tug tshwj xeeb hnav-resistant txiav, drilling los yog pressing cov cuab yeej.
4. Electrodes rau Tig thiab kuj welding.
5. Fabrication lus rau X-ray thiab xov tooj cua engineering, ntau yam kev teeb.
6. Tshwj xeeb luminous xim.
7. Hlau thiab qhov chaw rau cov tshuaj ua lag luam.
8. Ntau cov tswv yim tej yam me me, piv txwv li, jig nuv ntses.

Nkag mus rau hauv tej chaw sib txawv alloys, uas muaj xws li tungsten. Teb ntawm daim ntawv thov ntawm xws ntaub ntawv tej zaum ras - los ntawm hnyav engineering thiab lub teeb finishing kev lag luam uas fabrics yog manufactured nrog tshwj xeeb (e.g., hluav taws kub).

Ntau yam ntaub ntawv tsis muaj nyob. Txhua paub caij thiab pib alloys yog distinguished los ntawm lawv uniqueness thiab qhov yuav tsum tau rau tej qhov chaw ntawm lub neej thiab kev lag luam. Txawm li cas los, ib co ntawm lawv muaj kev thaj chaw uas ua tau cov txheej txheem yav tas los unfeasible. Ib tug xws li hlau yog tungsten. Nws siv yog tsis muaj dav li hais tias ntawm steel, tab sis txhua embodiment yog tsis tshua muaj pab tau thiab tsim nyog rau noob neej.