Tsis khov qhov ntawm complex tebchaw

Tej zaum txhua leej txhua tus uas yog me ntsis txog cov lub tsev kawm ntawv thiab yog xav nyob rau hauv lub Science News for KIDS ntawm nws ib tug me ntsis, paub txog lub hav zoov ntawm txoj tebchaw. Qhov no yog ib tug heev interesting kev twb kev txuas mus rau lub ntau yam ntawm daim ntawv sau npe. Yog hais tias koj tsis tau hnov ntawm xws li ib tug tshaj plaws, cov uas tsis tshua peb mam li piav qhia txog txhua yam. Tab sis pib nrog cov keeb kwm ntawm lub foundations ntawm no heev txawv txawv thiab nthuav hom tshuaj tebchaw.

zaj dabneeg

Complex ntsev tau paub ua ntej lub foundations ntawm cov kev tshawb xav thiab mechanisms uas tso cai rau lawv nyob ua ib ke. Lawv muaj npe tom qab lub chemist uas pheej nrhiav tau qhov no los yog hais tias lub union, thiab systematic npe tsis yog rau lawv. Thiab, yog li ntawd, nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom to taub lub substance ntawm lub mis li cas zog nws muaj.

Qhov no lasted kom txog thaum 1893, kom txog thaum lub Swiss chemist Alfred Werner tsis tau npaj siab nws txoj kev xav, uas rau 20 xyoo thiab tau txais cov Nobel nqi zog nyob rau hauv Science News for KIDS. Nws yog nthuav tias nws kev tshawb fawb nws nqa tawm tsuas yog txhais tau tias ntawm txhais ntawm ib tug ntau yam ntawm tshuaj haum, uas yog muab ntaus rau hauv tej yam ceg. Ua kev tshawb fawb ua ntej lub foundations ntawm cov electron los ntawm Thompson nyob rau hauv 1896, thiab tom qab qhov kev tshwm sim, tom qab kaum xyoo, cov kev tshawb xav tau ntxiv lawm, nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau npaum li cas modernized thiab complexity; daim ntawv tau mus txog peb hnub thiab yog dav siv nyob rau hauv science rau piav qhia txog lub phenomena uas tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm tshuaj uas ceg.

Yog li ntawd, ua ntej koj mus rau ib tug hauj lwm dab tsi rau qhov tsis khov, peb yuav tsum to taub nyob rau hauv kev tshawb xav, uas peb xa los saum no.

Lub hom phiaj ntawm txoj tebchaw

Werner nyob rau hauv nws cov thawj version ua ib tug xov tooj ntawm kev sib koom tes hauv kev tshawb xav postulates uas tsim lub hauv paus ntawm nws:

1. Nyob rau hauv txhua kom sib haum (complex) compound yuav tsum central ion. Qhov no feem ntau atom d-caij, yam tsawg kawg - ib co p-atoms ntawm lub ntsiab, thiab ntawm s-hais tau ua nyob rau qhov no muaj peev xwm, tsuas Li.
2. Central ion ua ke nrog kab ligands (nruab nrab los yog them hais, piv txwv li dej los yog ib tug tshuaj anion) Cov ntaub ntawv ib puab kheej komlesnogo compound. Nws behaves nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj raws li ib tug loj ion.
3. Cov txheej kheej yog ua los ntawm ions ntawm opposite kos npe rau rau hauv them nyiaj ntawm lub puab kheej. Hais tias yog, piv txwv li, tsis zoo them kheej [CrCl _6] ^3- ion txheej kheej yuav ua tau hlau ions: Fe ^3+, Ni ^3+, etc ...

Tam sim no, Yog hais tias lub hom phiaj ntawm txhua yam yog tseeb, peb yuav tsiv mus rau hauv lub tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm complex tebchaw thiab lawv sib txawv nrog ntau ntsev.

tshuaj zog

Nyob rau hauv ib tug tov ntawm complex tebchaw dissociate rau hauv ions, tab sis, theej rau puab thiab txheej kheej. Peb yuav hais tias lawv coj raws li muaj zog electrolytes.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub sab hauv ntawm tus kheej, dhau lawm, muaj peev xwm zom rau hauv ions, tab sis nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim rau qhov no tshwm sim, nws yuav tsum tau siv ib tug ntau ntawm lub zog.

Cov txheej kheej nyob rau hauv txoj tebchaw yuav hloov los ntawm lwm cov ions. Piv txwv li, yog hais tias tus sab nraud teb yog tshuaj ion, thiab tseem yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj ion uas ua ke nrog lub puab kheej yuav ua ib qho insoluble compound los yog nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj muaj ib tug ntawv muab ib tug insoluble compound nrog chlorine yuav tshwm sim hloov cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm tus txheej kheej.

Thiab tam sim no, ua ntej peb npaj mus rau lub ntsiab txhais ntawm yog dab tsi yog ib qho tsis khov, wb tham txog lub phenomenon, uas yog ncaj qha kev cob cog rua nrog cov tswvyim no.

electrolytic dissociation

Koj cov lus no yog tej zaum paub zoo txog lub tsev kawm ntawv. Tab sis tseem muab ib tug txhais ntawm cov tswvyim no. Dissociation - ib tug lwj ntawm solute molecules rau hauv ions nyob rau hauv ib tug hnyav. Qhov no yog vim tus tsim ntawm sufficiently muaj zog bonds nrog solvent molecules solute ions. Piv txwv li, dej muaj ob tug oppositely them xaus, thiab ib co molecules yog attracted rau qhov tsis zoo thaum kawg ntawm lub cations, thiab lwm tus neeg - lub zoo kawg rau lub anions. Yog li tsim hydrates - ions yog surrounded los ntawm dej lwg me me. Ua tau, qhov no yog qhov essence of electrolytic dissociation.

Tam sim no, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, rov qab mus rau lub ntsiab npe ntawm no tsab xov xwm. Yuav ua li cas yog lub qhov khov ntawm complex tebchaw? Nws yog yooj yim txaus, thiab nyob rau hauv lub tom ntej no tshooj lus no peb yuav saib cov tswvyim no rau kev nthuav dav thiab nyob rau hauv kom meej.

Tsis khov qhov ntawm complex tebchaw

Qhov no xam yog nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb lub caij nyoog rov qab ntawm lub qhov ustoychiovsti ceg. Yog li ntawd nws thiab pib.

Yog hais tias koj twb hnov txog tus equilibrium qhov ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, nws yog ib qho yooj yim to taub qhov no cov ntaub ntawv uas yog. Tab sis yog hais tias tsis, peb tam sim no piav me ntsis txog qhov no cov ntaub ntawv. Cov equilibrium qhov yog txhais raws li tus piv ntawm cov concentration ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv cov khoom, tsa mus rau lub hwj chim ntawm lawv stoichiometric coefficients rau lub starting cov ntaub ntawv, uas yog sau nyob rau hauv tib txoj kev lub coefficients nyob rau hauv kab zauv ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Nws qhia tau hais tias nyob rau hauv uas cov kev taw qhia mus advantageously reacted ntawm ntau ntau ntawm cov pib cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov khoom.

Tab sis qhov twg cas peb mam li nco dheev pib tham txog lub equilibrium qhov? Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, lub qhov instability thiab qhov stability yog, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, lub equilibrium constants kev tshua ntawm kev puas tsuaj thiab tsim los ntawm lub puab kheej ntawm lub complex. Kev sib txuas lus nruab nrab ntawm lawv yog heev yooj yim: Rau _n = 1 / _{lub qhov ncauj.}

Yuav kom to taub zoo dua cov khoom, muab ib qho piv txwv. Noj complex anion [Ag (TSIS MUAJ _{2) 2]} ^- thiab sau nws cov decomposition cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab zauv:

[Ag (TSIS MUAJ _{2) 2]} ^- => Ag ^{+ +} 2NO ₂ ^-.

Tsis khov qhov ntawm lub complex ion ntawm lub compound yog sib npaug zos rau 1.3 * 10 ^-3. Qhov no txhais tau tias nws yog ruaj khov txaus, tab sis tseem tsis mus raws li yuav pom tau tias ruaj khov heev. Qhov ntau dua stability ntawm lub complex ion nyob rau hauv ib tug hnyav, cov tsawg tsis khov qhov. Formula nws yuav qhia nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm concentration ntawm thawj zaug reactants thiab: K _n = [Ag +] * [2NO ₂ ^{-] 2} / [[Ag (TSIS MUAJ _{2) 2]} ^-].

Tam sim no hais tias peb to taub qhov yooj yim lub tswvyim yuav ua nyob rau hauv me ntsis txawv cov ntaub ntawv sib txuas. Nyob rau hauv rau sab laug kem yog sau cov npe ntawm cov tshuaj, thiab txoj cai - lub qhov khov ntawm complex tebchaw.

rooj

Yog xav paub cov ntaub ntawv rau tag nrho cov paub tebchaw uas muaj npe nyob rau hauv lub rooj nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb txoj kev. Nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub, rau qhov tsis khov ntawm complex tebchaw, lub rooj yog rau ntau tshaj ntawm cov tebchaw muab saum toj no, yog tsis zoo li mus tiag pab koj tsis muaj kev siv ntawm cov directory.

xaus

Thaum peb xam tawm li cas los xam rau qhov tsis khov, muaj no tsuas muaj ib lo lus nug - txog yog vim li cas qhov no yog tag nrho cov koj xav tau.

Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm no magnitude - lub ntsiab txhais ntawm stability ntawm lub complex ion. Qhov no txhais tau tias peb yuav toov lub stability ntawm kev daws ntawm ib tug compound. Qhov no yog heev pab tau nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov chaw, ib txoj kev los sis lwm txuas nrog rau lub siv ntawm complex tshuaj. Txaus siab rau kev kawm Science News for KIDS!