Spacesuits astronauts: ntus ntaus ntawv. Tus thawj ce

Spacesuits astronauts - nws tsis yog khaub ncaws rau missions nyob rau hauv orbit. Tus thawj ntawm cov nyob rau hauv lub thib nees nkaum xyoo pua thaum ntxov. Nws yog ib lub sij hawm thaum mus txog rau qhov chaw sib ntaus yog yuav luag ib nrab xyoo. Txawm li cas los, zaum pom tau hais tias txoj kev loj hlob ntawm extraterrestrial qhov chaw, cov nqe lus uas txawv los ntawm peb cov ib txwm, inevitable. Uas yog vim li cas rau yav tom ntej missions tuaj lub astronaut ib pab tub rog, uas yog tau los tiv thaiv ib tug neeg los ntawm ib qho chaw cov rau nws.

Lub tswvyim ntawm ib tug spacesuit

Yuav ua li cas yog cov khoom rau qhov chaw mus ncig teb chaws? Spacesuit - yog ib yam ntawm cov txuj ci tseem ceeb ntawm technology. Nws yog ib tug tej yam me me qhov chaw nres tsheb replicating tus duab ntawm tib neeg lub cev.

Cov niaj hnub spacesuit nruab nrog ib tug tag nrho astronaut lub neej kev txhawb pab. Tab sis txawm lub complexity ntawm tus dais, txhua yam nyob rau hauv nws yog compact thiab conveniently nyob.

Keeb kwm ntawm creation

Lo lus "ce" muaj Fabkis cov hauv paus hniav. Sau lub tswvyim npaj nyob rau hauv 1775 Abbot mathematician Zhan Batist De Pas Chapelle. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub 18th xyoo pua ntawm ya mus rau hauv qhov chaw, tsis muaj leej twg txawm ua npau suav ntawm. Lo lus "ce", uas nyob rau hauv Greek txhais hais tias "nkoj-neeg", nws twb txiav txim siab los siv rau lub dhia khoom.

Nrog lub advent ntawm lub chaw uas muaj hnub nyoog cov tswvyim no twb siv nyob rau hauv lub Lavxias teb sab lus. Tsuas no nws tau nrhiav ib tug me ntsis txawv ntsiab lus. Tus txiv neej pib nce siab dua thiab siab dua. Nyob rau hauv no kev twb kev txuas muaj ib tug xav tau rau tshwj xeeb cov khoom. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau ntawm ib qhov chaw siab tshaj ntawm xya kilometres nws sov khaub ncaws thiab oxygen daim npog qhov ncauj. Mus rau hauv lub chav kaum txhiab meters vim lub siab nco yuav tsum tau ib tug Pa alarm thiab cov compensating ce. Txwv tsis pub, thaum depressurization tsav lub teeb yuav tsum nqus cov pa. Zoo, yog koj mus ntau txawm tias? Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, koj yuav xav tau ib tug qhov chaw nplua. Nws yuav tsum yog heev ceev. Thaum lub hauv siab nyob rau hauv lub ce (feem ntau tsis pub dhau 40 feem pua ntawm cov atmospheric) yuav cawm neej tsav.

Nyob rau hauv lub 1920s, ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov lus Askiv physiologist Dzhona Holdena. Nyob rau hauv lawv tus sau twb hais kom siv suits ntawm divers los tiv thaiv cov kev kho mob thiab lub neej ntawm balloonists. Nws txawm sim siv lawv cov tswv yim. Nws ua xws li ib tug nplua thiab kuaj nws nyob rau hauv ib tug siab chamber, qhov uas nws tau pom lub siab coj mus rau ib tug qhov chaw siab tshaj ntawm 25,6 km. Txawm li cas los, qhov kev siv ntawm balloons uas yuav sawv mus rau hauv lub stratosphere - tsis yog ib tug pheej yig Library. Thiab cov American balloonist Mark Ridge, rau cov uas siv ib tug tshwj xeeb costume, txhais tau tias, hmoov tsis, yog tsis sau. Uas yog vim li cas lub ce Holden nyob rau hauv kev xyaum tsis tau mus soj ntsuam.

Kev loj hlob ntawm Soviet zaum

Nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws twb koom nyob rau hauv ib tug spacesuit engineer Evgeniy Chertovsky, uas yog ib tug tswv cuab ntawm lub koom haum ntawm Aviation tshuaj. Rau cuaj lub xyoo, los ntawm 1931 mus 1940, nws tsim 7 qauv ntawm kaw cov khoom. Lub ntiaj teb no tus thawj Soviet engineer txiav txim siab mus ncig teeb meem. Qhov tseeb hais tias tus sawv mus rau ib tug tej yam siab spacesuit ballooned. Tom qab ntawd, tus tsav twb yuam kom txawm ntau dua cov kev siv zog tsuas khoov lub ceg los yog caj npab. Uas yog vim li cas cov qauv B-2 yog tsim los raws li ib tug engineer nrog lub hinges.

Nyob rau hauv 1936, ib tug tshiab version ntawm qhov chaw cov khoom. Nws yog ib tug qauv B-3, muaj yuav luag tag nrho cov lus tam sim no nyob rau hauv niaj hnub sib foob uas siv cov Lavxias teb sab cosmonauts. Kuaj qhov kev xaiv no, tshwj xeeb cov khoom coj qhov chaw 19.05.1937 Nyob rau hauv hnyav bomber TB-3 yog siv raws li lub tsheb.

Txij li thaum 1936, lub astronauts chaw sib foob tau tsim thiab cov tub ntxhais engineers ntawm lub Central hydrodynamic lub koom haum. Los ntawm no lawv tshwm sim premiere sci-fi movie "Space Voyage", tsim nyob rau hauv kev koom tes nrog Konstantin Tsiolkovsky.

Tus thawj ce nrog lub Performance index SK-UP-1 hluas engineers tau tsim, manufactured thiab kuaj nyob rau hauv cia li 1937 txawm lwm lub tswv yim ntawm cov khoom no qhia nws extraterrestrial lo lus uas peb. Nyob rau hauv thawj cov qauv rau kev txuas lub sab sauv thiab sab qhov chaw ntawm lub siv tau muab connector. Muab loj muaj lub xub pwg pob qij txha. Qhov no ce tsho no yog ua los ntawm ib tug ob txheej rubberized ntaub.

Ib tug ntxiv embodiment ce txawv muaj autonomous lwm system, tsim los rau 6 teev ntawm lub lag luam nruam. SK-KAUJ RUAM-8 - Nyob rau hauv 1940, lub xeem pre-tsov rog Soviet spacesuit twb tsim. Kuaj cov khoom nqa rau ib tug fighter-153.

Creation ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb ntau lawm

Nyob rau hauv lub postwar xyoo, cov teg num los tsim chaw sib foob kev cuam tshuam Davhlau tshawb fawb lub koom haum. Nws tshwj xeeb tau txais cov neeg ua hauj lwm uas npaj costumes, tsim los rau aircraft pilots, yuav tsum yeej xwb tshiab ceev thiab altitude. Txawm li cas los, rau loj zus tau tej cov ib zaug xwb lub tsev kawm ntawv nws yog tsis txaus. Uas yog vim li cas nyob rau hauv Lub kaum hli ntuj 1952 ib tug engineer Aleksandrom Boyko ib tug tshwj xeeb department twb tsim. Nws yog nyob rau hauv lub suburban Tomilino, cov nroj tsuag tooj 918. Niaj hnub no, cov nroj tsuag yog hu ua NPP "Zvezda". Nyob rau nws thaum lub sij hawm lub ce Gagarin twb tsim.

Ya nyob rau hauv qhov chaw

Nyob rau hauv lub lig lub sijhawm xyoo 1950, ib tug tshiab era ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm extraterrestrial qhov chaw. Nws yog thaum lub sij hawm no lub sij hawm ntawm Soviet tsim engineers pib tsim lub "Vostok" - tus thawj qhov chaw tsheb. Txawm li cas los, nws twb pib npaj tias qhov chaw suits lub astronauts yuav tsis tsim nyog rau qhov kev foob pob ua ntxaij. Tus tsav yuav tsum tau nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb airtight thawv, uas yog yuav tsum tau sib cais los ntawm lub tsaws ntawm lub qhovntsej thiaj tsis mob cov tshuaj ntsiav. Txawm li cas los, qhov no cov tswvyim muaj pov thawj yuav heev cumbersome thiab, Ntxiv, demanded coj long-term kev ntsuam xyuas. Uas yog vim li cas lub hauv kev kho ntawm lub "East" nyob rau hauv lub yim hli ntuj 1960, muaj lawm redesigned.

Sergei Korolev Bureau cov kws txawj tau hloov lub thawv nyob rau hauv ncaws rooj. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, yav tom ntej astronauts yuav tsum tau kev tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv cov kev tshwm sim ntawm depressurization. Thiab nws yog lub ce. Txawm li cas los, lub sij hawm rau nws cov docking nrog lub aircraft tshuab Corporate. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, tag nrho cov uas yog tsim nyog rau lub sustenance ntawm tus tsav, muab tso rau hauv lub rooj zaum.

Tus thawj spacesuits astronauts raug hu ua SC-1. Lawv puag altitude ce, "Vorkuta" tau raug muab tshem, tsim los rau fighter-interceptor Su-9 pilots. Sau kom tiav reconstruction raug xwb lub kaus mom hlau. Nws tsim ib tug mechanism uas tswj lub sensor. Yog hais tias lub siab nyob rau hauv lub ce tam sim ntawd slams lub pob tshab visor.

Khoom rau astronauts ua rau ib tug neeg cov qauv. Rau cov thawj lub davhlau nws tau tsim rau cov neeg uas pom qhov zoo tshaj plaws qib ntawm kev kawm. Qhov no trio ntawm cov thawj coj, uas muaj Yuri Gagarin, German Titov thiab Grigory Nelyubov.

Interestingly, lub astronauts nyob rau hauv qhov chaw tom qab mus xyuas lub ce. Ib tug tshwj xeeb suits SC-1 hom tau raug xa mus rau hauv orbit thaum lub sij hawm ob unmanned xeem launches ntawm lub "Vostok" spaceship, muaj nyob rau hauv lub peb hlis ntuj 1961 Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub sim strays on board yog ib tug mannequin "Ivan Ivanovich", hnav khaub ncaws nyob rau hauv ib tug nplua. Nyob rau hauv lub mis ntawm no dag tus txiv neej ntsia ib lub tawb nrog guinea pigs thiab nas tsuag. Thiab nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav tsaws tus nyob tim khawv tsis kam txais "Ivan Ivanovich" rau cov alien, cov ntsiav tshuaj twb muab tso nyob rau hauv lub visor ntawm nws ce nrog lub inscription "Layout".

Lub suits SC-1 siv rau tsib manned sib ntaus ntawm lub "Vostok". Txawm li cas los, poj niam astronauts yuav ya nyob rau hauv lawv. Rau lawv, lub qauv SC-2 yog tsim. Nws twb xub pom nws siv thaum lub sij hawm lub davhlau ntawm cov "Vostok-6". Peb manufactured lub ce, noj mus rau hauv tus account lub peculiarities ntawm tus poj niam lub cev cov qauv, rau Valentina Tereshkova.

Kev loj hlob ntawm American tshwj xeeb

Nyob rau hauv kev siv cov kev pab cuam "Mercury" US designers opted rau lub Soviet engineers, yog li ua lawv cov proposals. Yog li ntawd, cov thawj American qhov chaw nplua rau hauv tus account lub fact tias cov astronauts nyob rau hauv qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej yuav tsum yog lawm nyob rau hauv orbit.

Designer Rassel Kolli tau ua ib tug tshwj xeeb costume Navy Mark, xub thawj yog rau cov flights lub pilots ntawm naval aviation. Tsis zoo li lwm yam qauv, qhov no ce yog saj zawg zog thiab muaj ib tug kuj tsis tshua muaj ceeb thawj. Yuav kom siv qhov kev xaiv no nyob rau hauv qhov chaw cov kev pab cuam nyob rau hauv tsim tau kev hloov ntau uas feem ntau cuam tshuam rau cov kaus mom hlau ntaus ntawv.

Lub suits Americans tau pov thawj lawv ntseeg. Tsuas yog ib zaug, thaum lub capsule "Mercury-4" tsav tsheb thiab pib tog, lub ce yuav luag puas lub astronaut Virgil Grissona. Tus tsav NW nyuam qhuav muaj kev tswj kom tau tawm, li ntawd ntev npaum li cas yuav tsis tau kaw los ntawm lub onboard lub neej-kev pab txhawb nqa systems.

Tsim stand-alone suits

Vim lub ceev ceev pace ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm qhov chaw uas yuav tsum tau los mus tsim ib tug tshiab tshwj xeeb costumes. Tom qab tag nrho, tus thawj ua qauv tsuas cawm. Vim lub fact tias lawv yog txuas mus rau ib tug lub neej pab txhawb nqa system ntawm lub manned spacecraft, astronauts nyob rau hauv qhov chaw nyob rau hauv xws iav yuav tsis tuaj koom. Yuav tawm rau lub qhib extraterrestrial qhov chaw yog tsim nyog los tsim ib tug self-muaj qhov chaw nplua. Cov ua designers ntawm lub USSR thiab lub teb chaws USA.

Americans nyob rau hauv nws qhov chaw pab cuam "Gemini" tsim tshiab versions ntawm suits G3C, G4C, thiab g5c. Qhov thib ob ntawm lawv twb npaj rau spacewalks. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias tag nrho cov US spacesuits tau kev cob cog rua rau lub onboard lub neej-kev pab txhawb nqa system, self-muaj tsev ua tau mus rau hauv lawv. Yog hais tias tsim nyog, nws yuav heev txaus pab los pab txhawb lub astronaut lub neej tsis pub dhau ib nrab ib teev.

Lub ce G4C 03.06.1965 twb tso tawm nyob rau hauv qhib chaw American Edvard Uayt. Txawm li cas los, nws tsis yog ib tug tho kev. Rau ob thiab ib nrab lub hlis ua ntej nws tom ntej no mus rau lub nkoj mus rau hauv qhov chaw Alexei Leonov. Rau no historic lub davhlau, Soviet engineers tsim ib tug nplua ntawm "Berkut". Nws differed los ntawm NC-1 los ntawm lub xub ntiag ntawm lub thib ob containment. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub ce muaj Zaplechny hnab ev, nruab nrog cov pa thooj voos kheej kheej, thiab nyob rau hauv nws lub kaus mom kos lim.

Thaum nyob rau hauv lub qhib qhov chaw ib tug neeg yog kev cob cog rua rau ib tug xya-meter nkoj hlua, raws li ib feem ntawm uas muaj ib tug damping ntaus, hluav taws xob nyob ntawm tej, steel hlau thiab hose rau thaum muaj xwm ceev cov pa mov. Historic tawm nyob rau hauv extraterrestrial qhov chaw coj qhov chaw nyob rau 18.03.1965, Alexei Leonov yog sab nraum lub spacecraft rau 23 feeb. 41 sec.

Lub suits rau qhov kev tshawb kawm ntawm lub hli

Tom qab txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub ntiaj teb orbit txiv neej rushed rau pem hauv ntej. Thiab nws thawj aim yog rau kev ua tub txib mus rau lub hli. Tab sis qhov no yuav tsum tau tshwj xeeb autonomous chaw sib foob, uas yuav sab nraum lub nkoj rau ob peb teev. Lawv tau tsim los ntawm lub Americans thaum lub sij hawm "Apollo" qhov kev pab cuam kev loj hlob. Cov suits muab kev tiv thaiv rau cov astronauts los ntawm hnub ci overheating thiab los ntawm micrometeorites. Tus thawj version tsim daim spacesuits hu ua A5L. Tom qab ntawd, li cas los xij, nws twb tau tuaj. Tus tshiab versions A6L muab kub rwb thaiv tsev tsho. Version A7L yog fireproof embodiment.

Lunar spacesuits yog ib multi-layered costumes, muaj saj zawg zog pob qij txha ua los ntawm roj hmab. Ris thiab dab tshos yog hlau rings rau Symptoms kaw hnab looj tes thiab lub kaus mom hlau. Buttoned suits siv ntsug swb sewn los ntawm lub puab tais mus rau lub caj dab.

Americans teem ko taw nyob rau hauv lub hli 21.07.1969, lub sij hawm no lub davhlau, pom cov kev siv ntawm cov suits A7L.

Peb mus lub hli thiab Soviet cosmonauts. No lub hom phiaj yog los tsim spacesuits "Merlin." Nws yog ib tug semi-txhav version ntawm lub ce, uas muaj ib tug tshwj xeeb qhov rooj nram qab. Lub astronaut yuav tsum tau nce mus rau hauv nws, hnav khaub ncaws li no nyob rau hauv iav. Kuv kaw qhov rooj ntawm lub sab hauv. Rau lub hom phiaj no tau muab ib sab zog thiab complex tswvyim ntawm ropes. Hauv lub ce yog, thiab lub neej-kev txhawb pab. Tu siab, lub mus ntsib saum lub hli los ntawm lub Soviet cosmonauts thiab ua tsis tau tejyam. Tab sis tsim los kom haum xws flights twb tom qab siv nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lwm yam qauv.

Khoom rau lub newest ships

lub community launch txog "Soyuz" Pib nyob rau hauv 1967, lub Soviet Union pib. Cov no yog cov tsheb tsim los rau cov creation ntawm orbital noj. Lub sij hawm Siv rau lawv astronauts li qhia siv kuj ntau zog.

"Union" twb tau ce "Hawk" rau ya lub ships. Nws sib txawv los ntawm lub "Berkut" coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub neej pab txhawb nqa system tsim. Nrog nws cov kev pab lub ncig ntawm lub ua tsis taus pa mix ua hauv lub ce. Ntawm no, nws yog ntxuav kab mob thiab cov pa roj carbon dioxide thiab ces txias.

Tus tshiab cawm ce "Sokol-K" siv thaum lub sij hawm sib ntaus ntawm "Soyuz-12" nyob rau hauv lub Cuaj Hli Ntuj xyoo 1973 More advanced cov qauv ntawm cov kev tiv thaiv cov khaub ncaws yuav txawm muag khoom cov neeg sawv cev nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj. Nws yog nthuav tias thaum koj khiav lub manned spacecraft "Shanchzhou" astronauts nyob rau hauv nws twb hnav khaub ncaws nyob rau hauv iav, nws yog heev reminiscent ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab qauv.

Rau spacewalk Soviet designers tau tsim ib tug qhov chaw nplua "Orlan". Nws yog ib qho kev ywj semi-txhav iav, zoo ib yam li daim "gyrfalcon". Muab tso rau hauv nws kuj los ntawm lub qhov rooj nyob rau hauv lub rov qab. Tab sis, tsis zoo li tus "Krechet", "dav dawb hau" yog universal. Nws cov tes tsho thiab ceg ris ceg yooj yim tom qhov yuav tsum tau qhov siab.

Lub spacesuits "Orlan" yog ya tsis tau tsuas yog Lavxias teb sab cosmonauts. Ua raws li cov qauv ntawm cov khoom Suav ua rau lawv lub "Feitian". Nyob rau hauv lawv, lawv txawm tawm mus rau hauv lub qhib qhov chaw.

Lub suits ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej

Rau hnub tim, NASA yog tsim ib tug tshiab qhov chaw pab cuam. Cov no muaj xws flights rau asteroids, lub hli, thiab cov ntoj ke mus kawm Mars. Uas yog vim li cas lub txuas ntxiv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov tshiab kev hloov kho mus rau qhov kev foob, kev uas nyob rau hauv yav tom ntej yuav muaj txuas mus rau tag nrho cov zoo qualities ntawm ua hauj lwm suits thiab cawm cov khoom. Nyob rau dab tsi variant yuav tsis developers, nws yog tseem tsis paub hais tias.

Tej zaum nws yuav yog ib lub nyuaj nyuaj armor uas tiv thaiv ib tug neeg los ntawm tag nrho cov tsis zoo lwm influences, tej zaum, niaj hnub technologies cia los ua ib tug universal plhaub, elegance uas yuav tau menyuam los ntawm yav tom ntej poj niam astronauts.