Nuclear xyaw rau spaceships

Zog ntawm Guj kuj tau thiab tseem yog tus thawj coj nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm nuclear qhov chaw lub hwj chim. Nyob rau hauv lub tsim, kev tsim kho, txib thiab cov lag luam ntawm spacecraft nruab nrog nuclear fais fab qhov chaw yog cov koom haum xws li cov RSC "Zog" thiab "Roskosmos". Nuclear engine tso cai rau koj khiav lag luam cov aircraft rau ntau xyoo, ua rau lawv ntau tswv yim ntsuam dua.

keeb kwm ntaub ntawv

Kev siv cov nuclear zog nyob rau hauv qhov chaw yog tsis muaj lawm ib tug ntawv tseeb nyob rau hauv lub 70-ies ntawm lub xeem caug xyoo. Tus thawj nuclear xyaw nyob rau hauv 1970-1988 tau launched rau hauv qhov chaw thiab ntse siv nyob rau hauv qhov chaw tsheb (SV) pom ntawm "US-A". Lawv yog siv mus rau lub thermoelectric system ntawm ib tug nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag (NPP) "Buck" hluav taws xob hwj chim ntawm 3 kW.

Nyob rau hauv 1987-1988 ob pab kiag li lawm "Ntshav-A" nrog thermionic NPP "Topaz" 5 kW tau davhlau kuaj qhov chaw, thaum lub sij hawm lub hwj chim uas hluav taws xob propulsion (Ere) los ntawm lub nuclear fais fab qhov chaw twb xub muab los siv.

Ib tug complex ntawm terrestrial nuclear fais fab kev soj ntsuam thermionic nuclear installation "Yenisei" hwj chim ntawm 5 kW. Raws li cov kev yees tsim tej yaam num thermionic nuclear fais fab muaj peev xwm ntawm 25-100 kW.

MB "Hercules"

RSC "Zog" nyob rau hauv lub 70 lub pib lub scientific thiab cov tswv yim researches, lub hom phiaj ntawm cov uas yog los ua ib tug haib nuclear qhov chaw cav rau interorbital tug (MB) "Hercules". Ua hauj lwm coj mus rau lub hauv paus rau ntau xyoo ntawm cov nuclear fais propulsion (YAERDU) nrog thermionic nuclear fais fab muaj peev xwm ntawm ib tug ob peb - pua pua ntawm kilowatts thiab hluav taws xob propulsion tsev muaj peev xwm ntawm kaum tawm mus rau pua pua ntawm kilowatts.

Tsim tsis MB "Hercules":

• pab tau hluav taws xob ntawm nuclear fais fab - 550 kW;
• kev lam ua hluav taws xob propulsion - 30 km / s;
• Electric propulsion thrust - 26 H;
• cov ntaub NPP thiab hluav taws xob propulsion - 16,000 teev;
• ua hauj lwm lub cev hluav taws xob propulsion - Xenon;
• qhov ceeb thawj (qhuav) tug - 14,5-15,7 t, xws li nei - 6.9 tons.

Kawm

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XXI nws yog lub sij hawm los tsim ib tug tshiab nuclear cav rau qhov chaw. Nyob rau hauv Lub kaum hli ntuj 2009, nyob ib lub rooj sib tham ntawm lub Commission tus tshiab Lavxias teb sab project "Creation kev thauj thiab lub zog module nrog ib tug megawatt-class installation ntawm ib tug nuclear fais fab" tau raug officially tso cai los ntawm lub Medal Council rau Modernization thiab Technological kev loj hlob ntawm Russia lub Economy. yog ua developers:

• Reactor tsob nroj - JSC "NIKIET".
• Nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag nrog ib tug roj turbine hwj chim hloov dua siab tshiab Circuit Court, raws li nyob rau hauv lub fais propulsion motors thiab ionic electrorocket YAERDU nyob rau hauv general - SSC "Kev tshawb fawb Center. M. V. Keldysha ", uas yog tseem lub luag hauj lwm rau lub koom haum ntawm cov kev pab cuam ntawm txoj kev loj hlob kev thauj thiab lub zog module (TEM) raws li ib tug tag nrho.
• RSC "Zog" raws li ib tug general TEM designer yuav tsum tsim ib qho kev tsis siv neeg tshuab nrog no module.

Cov yam ntxwv ntawm tus tshiab installation

Tshiab nuclear cav rau qhov chaw Russia npaj rau kev mus pib coj mus muag lag luam nyob rau hauv lub tom ntej no ob peb xyoos. Npaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov roj turbine YAERDU nram qab no. Lub reactor siv roj-txias ceev breeder reactor, qhov kub ntawm cov ua hauj lwm kua (a sib tov ntawm Nws / Xe) ua ntej lub turbine - 1500 K, lub efficiency ntawm converting thermal zog rau hauv hluav taws xob lub zog - 35%, radiator-hom txias - txia. Unit Nyhav Li Cas (reactor, tawg kev tiv thaiv, thiab hloov dua siab tshiab system, tab sis tsis muaj tub yees emitter) - 6800 kg.

Chaw nuclear xyaw (nuclear fais fab, nuclear fais fab, ua ke nrog EPS) lub tswv yim los siv:

• Raws li ib feem ntawm yav tom ntej qhov chaw tsheb.
• Raws li qhov chaw ntawm hluav taws xob rau lub zog-intensive systems thiab spacecraft.
• Yuav kom daws tau cov thawj ob teeb meem nyob rau hauv lub thauj thiab lub zog module los xyuas kom meej qhov tus me nyuam ntawm hnyav electrorocket spaceships thiab tsheb nyob rau hauv cov ua hauj lwm orbit thiab ntxiv mus sij hawm ntev zog mov ntawm cov khoom siv.

Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov lag luam ntawm ib tug nuclear engine

Raws li ua nyob rau hauv lub synthesis ntawm nuclei los yog nyob rau kev siv ntawm lub zog fission ntawm nuclear roj mus ua ib lub dav hlau thrust. Paub qhov txawv installation mem tes-heev thiab kua hom. Moj tej tawg cog emits rau hauv qhov chaw tej yam me me atomic bombs uas detonating ib tug ob peb meters deb, lub moj tej tawg raug thawb lub nkoj rau pem hauv ntej. Nyob rau hauv kev xyaum, xws li yog tsis siv.

Kua propulsion xyaw, rau lwm cov tes, tau ntev tau tsim thiab kuaj. Rov qab nyob rau hauv lub 60s, Soviet tshwj xeeb tau tsim ib tug workable qauv RD-0410. Cov systems tsim nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States. Lawv txoj ntsiab cai no raws li nyob rau hauv lub cua sov ntawm ib tug kua nuclear mini-reactor, nws yog hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv chav thiab ntaub ntawv ib lub dav hlau kwj, uas pushes spacecraft. Txawm tias tus ntaus ntawv yog hu ua ib tug kua raws li cov ua hauj lwm kua, feem ntau hydrogen siv. Lwm lub hom phiaj ntawm qhov chaw nuclear tshuab - powered hluav taws xob onboard network (khoom) ships thiab satellites.

Heavy telecommunication pab kiag li lawm ntiaj teb no qhov chaw sib txuas lus

Thaum lub caij, ua hauj lwm yog raws li nram no nyob rau hauv nuclear xyaw rau qhov chaw uas yuav siv tau nyob rau hauv hnyav apparatus qhov chaw sib txuas lus. RSC "Energia" tau nqa tawm cov kev tshawb fawb thiab designs ntawm lub ntiaj teb no qhov chaw sib txuas lus system yog kev lag kev luam sib tw nrog pheej yig xov tooj ntawm cev uas yuav tsum tau cov kev hloov ntawm "xov tooj pauv" los ntawm lub ntiaj teb mus rau hauv qhov chaw.

Lub nkag tau rau lawv cov creation yog:

• yuav luag tiav filling ntawm lub geostationary orbit (GEO) satellites khiav hauj lwm thiab passive;
• qaug zaus kev pab;
• zoo kev ntawm creation thiab coj mus muag exploitation ntawm cov ntaub ntawv geostationary satellites "Yamal".

Thaum koj tsim ib lub "Yamal" platform, tshiab kev daws teeb meem tau 95%, uas enabled xws li ua kev sib tw nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no kev ua lag luam ntawm qhov chaw cov kev pab cuam.

Nws yog assumed hloov ntawm modules nrog hauj kev sib txuas lus cov khoom kwv yees li txhua txhua xya xyoo. Nws yuav ua ib tug system ntawm multi-3-4 hnyav satellites rau hauv geostationary orbit nrog ib qho kev nce nyob rau hauv qhov hluav taws xob hwj chim noj los ntawm lawv. Xub thawj, lub spacecraft tau raug tsim nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm hnub ci hwj chim 30-80 kW. Cov kauj ruam tom ntej yuav siv nuclear xyaw 400 kW nrog mus txog rau ib xyoos nyob rau hauv lub thauj hom (rau cov me nyuam ntawm yooj yim module GSO) thiab 150-180 kW nyob rau hauv ib ncua hom kev lag luam (yam tsawg kawg 10-15 xyoo) raws li ib lub hwj chim qhov twg los.

Nuclear xyaw nyob rau hauv antimeteoritnoy tiv thaiv lub ntiaj teb System

Tiav RKK "Zog" nyob rau hauv lub lig 90 tus tsim kev tshawb fawb tau qhia tias nyob rau hauv cov creation ntawm antimeteoritnoy ntiaj teb kws muaj txuj ci los ntawm lub nuclei ntawm comets thiab asteroids nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag thiab YAERDU yuav siv tau rau:

1. Tsim ib tug system rau saib xyuas trajectories ntawm asteroids thiab comets uas hla lub ntiaj teb orbit. Rau no npaj siab mus npaj tshwj xeeb spacecraft nruab nrog kho qhov muag thiab radar khoom rau tebchaws txaus ntshai khoom, xam qhov tsis muaj lawv trajectories thiab thawj txoj kev tshawb no ntawm lawv cov yam ntxwv. Lub system nuclear qhov chaw cav nrog dual-hom thermionic NPI peev xwm ntawm 150 kW tej zaum yuav muab kev koom tes. Nws lub neej yuav tsum muaj tsawg kawg yog 10 xyoo.
2. Tests ntawm tej yam (thermonuclear tawg ntaus ntawv) mus rau lub landfill zoo asteroid. YAERDU hwj chim tus me nyuam ntawm qhov kev kuaj apparatus mus rau ib qho asteroid-polygon nyob rau hauv lub loj ntawm lub tauj payload (150-500 kW).
3. Muab cov txheej txheem raug txhais tau tias (interceptor tag nrho loj ntawm 15-50 tons) rau lub nce mus rau lub yam khoom txaus ntshai lub ntiaj teb no. Yuav tsum tau nuclear dav hlau engine muaj peev xwm ntawm 1-10 MW rau tus me nyuam mus rau ib tug txaus ntshai asteroid thermonuclear nyiaj, tus nplaim uas tawg vim dav hlau asteroid khoom tau yuav tsis tau txais nws los ntawm txoj kev txaus ntshai.

Muab cov kev tshawb fawb cov khoom nyob rau hauv sib sib zog nqus qhov chaw

Muab cov scientific cov khoom rau qhov chaw cov khoom (nyob deb planets, periodic comets, asteroids) yuav nqa tawm nrog rau kev siv ntawm qhov chaw raws li LRE theem. Siv nuclear xyaw rau qhov chaw tsheb yog tsim nyog, thaum muab tso rau lub neeg ua hauj lwm tso zis rau kab nyob saum ntuj xilethi-aus lub cev ntawm lub satellite, ncaj kev sib cuag nrog ib tug vaj xilethi-aus lub cev, cov kev xaiv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas kuaj thiab lwm yam kev tshawb fawb yuav tsum loj nce kev tshawb fawb complex, lub xam nrog ntawm lub tsaws thiab coj-off theem.

tsis xyaw

Nuclear cav rau spacecraft kev tshawb fawb complex yuav nthuav lub "qhov rais pib" (vim muaj ib tug tswj paug ntawm cov ua hauj lwm ceev ntawm lub cev), uas simplifies npaj thiab cov nqi ntawm qhov kev tsim. Kev tshawb fawb nqa tawm los ntawm RSC "Energia", pom tias YAERDU 150 kW nrog mus txog rau peb lub xyoos yog ib tug pheej txhais tau tias ntawm delivering modules nyob rau hauv qhov chaw asteroid siv.

Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm qhov tus me nyuam ntawm ib tug kev tshawb fawb lub tsev nyob rau orbit ntawm nyob deb planets ntawm cov hnub ci zog yuav tsum tau ib qho kev nce nyob rau hauv cov kev pab, ib tug nuclear installation mus txog 5-7 lub xyoo. Nws yog muaj pov thawj hais tias YAERDU complex nrog ib tug muaj peev xwm ntawm 1 MW raws li ib feem ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb yuav cia tus spacecraft ceev tus me nyuam rau 5-7 xyoos rau kab nyob saum ntuj ib co satellite feem ntau nyob deb planets, planetary rovers rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub ntuj satellites ntawm cov planets, thiab tus me nyuam nyob rau hauv cov av ntiaj teb nrog comets, asteroids, Mercury thiab lub satellites ntawm Jupiter thiab Saturn.

Reusable nqa (MB)

Ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws txoj kev mus txhim kho lub efficiency ntawm thauj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv qhov chaw no yog reusable ntsiab ntawm cov thauj system. Nuclear cav rau spacecraft hwj chim ntawm tsawg kawg yog 500 kW tso cai rau koj los mus tsim reusable cab thiab yog li ho txhim kho lub efficiency ntawm multi-theem qhov chaw tsheb thauj mus los system. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog pab tau rau xws li ib tug system nyob rau hauv qhov kev pab cuam muab ib tug loj ib xyoos ib zaug freight tsheb. Ib qho piv txwv yuav tsum yog ib tug pab cuam ntawm daim kev tshawb kawm nrog cov creation thiab txij nkawm ntawm ib tug manned puag yog lossi ua thiab sim hauj thiab muaj ceg.

muab xam los ntawm turnover

Raws li cov kev tsim cov kev tshawb fawb RSC "Energia", qhov kev siv ntawm lub hauv paus rau lub hli yuav tsum tau tauj modules uas hais txog 10 tons, lub orbit ntawm lub hli -. 30 m Tag nrho cov cargo los ntawm lub ntiaj teb nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm ib tug manned daim puag thiab mus xyuas daim orbital chaw nres tsheb yog kwv yees li ntawm 700-800 tonnes thiab ib tug txhua xyoo freight tsheb rau lub lag luam thiab kev loj hlob ntawm hauv paus - 400-500 m.

Txawm li cas los, cov ntsiab cai ntawm lub nuclear engine tsis pub tus freighter mus disperse sai sai. Vim lub sij hawm ntev ntawm tsheb thauj mus los thiab yog li ntawd, lub sij hawm nrhiav payload tawg koj cov menyuam tsis yog txhua txhua cargo yuav raug muab coj los siv tugboats nrog nuclear engine. Yog li ntawd, cov cargo uas tej zaum yuav muab raws li YAERDU kwv yees xwb 100-300 tons / xyoo.

economic efficiency

Raws li ib tug ntawm kev nyiaj txiag efficiency inter-orbit tsheb thauj mus los system nws yog advisable siv tus nqi ntawm lub tsev tus nqi ntawm thauj ib chav tsev loj ntawm lub payload (GHG) emissions ntawm tus nto ntawm lub ntiaj teb mus rau hauv lub hom phiaj orbit. RSC "Energia" economic thiab xaam qauv, uas yuav siv sij hawm mus rau hauv tus account lub ntsiab Cheebtsam ntawm tus nqi nyob rau hauv lub thauj system tau tsim:

• lub creation thiab tshem tawm ntawm cov orbit tug units;
• rau cov purchase ntawm kev khiav hauj lwm ib tug nuclear qhov chaw;
• kev khiav hauj lwm cov nqi, raws li zoo raws li rau R & D thiab tau peev expenditure nqi.

Nqi tsis yog nyob ntawm seb pom tsis muaj MB. Siv cov qauv no twb soj ntsuam comparative economic efficiency ntawm reusable tug raws li YAERDU hwj chim ntawm txog 1 mW thiab pov tseg tug nyob rau hauv hauv paus tshaj kua foob pob ua ntxaij engine nyob rau hauv qhov kev pab cuam los xyuas kom meej me nyuam mus rau lub ntiaj teb hli orbit altitude ntawm 100 km payload tag nrho loj ntawm 100 tonnes / xyoo. Thaum uas siv cov tib koob nqa peev xwm sib npaug zos luag hauj lwm "Proton-M" thiab dvuhpuskovoy Circuit Court tsim kho ntawm lub thauj system kev shipping nqi ib chav tsev loj ntawm lub payload siv tug rau lub hauv paus ntawm nuclear cav yuav ua tau peb lub sij hawm tsawg dua thaum uas siv cov pov tseg raws li nyob rau hauv tugboats nrog kua foob pob ua ntxaij xyaw ntawm lub hom MM-3.

xaus

Pib nuclear propulsion rau qhov chaw txhawb rau cov tshuaj ntawm tej teeb meem ntawm lub ntiaj teb, lub davhlau ntawm tus txiv neej rau Mars, tsim ib tug system ntawm wireless kis tau tus mob ntawm lub zog nyob rau hauv qhov chaw, qhov kev siv ntawm kev ruaj ntseg-enhanced burial rau hauv qhov chaw mas txaus ntshai tej pov tseg hauv av ntawm nuclear zog, lub creation ntawm ib tug manned daim puag thiab coj mus muag kev loj hlob ntawm lub hli, los xyuas kom meej tiv thaiv lub ntiaj teb los ntawm asteroid thiab comet teeb meem.