Nplaim: qauv piav qhia tswvyim kub

Nyob rau hauv lub combustion txheej txheem cov nplaim taws yog tsim, cov qauv ntawm cov uas yog tshwm sim los ntawm cov reactants. Nws qauv yog muab faib mus rau hauv tej thaj chaw nyob rau hauv lub kub yam ntxwv.

txhais

Nplaim hu ua lub kub gases nyob rau hauv daim ntawv nyob rau hauv uas lub Cheebtsam yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv cov ntshav los yog tshuaj dispersed khoom daim ntawv. Lawv yog nqa tawm lub cev thiab tshuaj hloov dua siab tshiab hom nrog luminescence, Thaum tshav kub kub tso tawm thiab cua sov.

Cov muaj nyob rau hauv lub gaseous nruab nrab thiab ion radical hais yus muaj los ntawm nws cov hluav taws xob conductivity thiab nyob rau hauv particular tus cwj pwm ntawm tus electromagnetic teb.

Yuav ua li cas yog cov nplaim taws

Feem ntau nws yog hais txog cov txheej txheem uas txuam nrog combustion. Piv nrog rau huab cua, cov roj ceev yog qhov tsawg, tab sis ua siab kub roj lifting. Thiab ua nplaim taws uas yog ntev ntev los yog luv luv. Feem ntau muaj kuj yog ib tug tus txoj kev hloov ntawm ib daim ntawv mus rau lwm lub.

Nplaim: Qauv thiab tus Txheej Txheem

Yuav kom txiav txim seb qhov tsos ntawm cov piav phenomenon yog txaus los mus zes cov roj burner. Nyob nonluminous nplaim taws yuav tsis muab suav hais tias uniform. Dig muag, muaj peb loj qhov chaw ntawm nws. Incidentally, txoj kev tshawb ntawm nplaim qauv qhia tau hais tias sib txawv tshuaj uas zes tsim ntau hom ntawm nplaim taws.

Thaum hlawv ib tug sib tov ntawm cov roj thiab cua tshwm sim chiv txoj kev ua ib luv luv nplaim taws, uas muaj ib tug xiav xim thiab ntshav hues. Nws yuav pom cov tub ntxhais - ntsuab thiab xiav li ib tug lub khob hliav qab. Xav txog cov nplaim taws. Tus qauv ntawm nws yog muab faib ua peb qhov chaw:

1. Faib kev npaj hauv cheeb tsam nyob rau hauv uas lub cua sov ntawm lub sib tov ntawm cov roj thiab cov pa ntawm cov qhov hluav taws xob ntawm lub burner qhib.
2. Qhov no yog ua raws li los ntawm cov cheeb tsam nyob rau hauv uas combustion tshwm sim. Nws occupies rau sab saum toj ntawm lub khob hliav qab.
3. Thaum muaj ib tug tsis muaj pa txaus, roj burns incompletely. Muab divalent carbon monoxide thiab hydrogen moieties. Lawv tom qab-burning yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv ib tug thib peb cheeb tsam qhov muaj yog cov pa muaj.

Tam sim no xav txog nyias qhov sib txawv combustion dab.

tswmciab hlawv

Hlawv tswm ciab zoo li hlawv ntais ntawv los yog cov ntais. Ib tug tswmciab nplaim qauv tsa ib tug liab-kub roj kwj uas yog rho mus vim buoyancy rog. Cov txheej txheem yuav pib nrog cua kub lub wick, ua raws li los ntawm evaporation ntawm cov ciab.

Lowermost tsam nyob sab hauv thiab nyob ib sab mus rau lub filament, hu ua thawj cheeb tsam. Nws muaj ib tug me ntsis xiav luminescence vim lub loj npaum li cas ntawm cov roj, tab sis ib tug me me volume ntawm cov pa sib tov. Muaj yog ua ib tug txheej txheem ntawm tsis tiav combustion tshuaj nrog sib cais ntawm cov pa roj carbon monoxide, uas yog tom qab oxidized.

Tus thawj tsam no yog surrounded los ntawm ib tug luminous thib ob plhaub, uas characterizes cov qauv ntawm cov tswm ciab nplaim taws. Nws tau txais ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm cov pa, uas ua rau yus lub continuation ntawm lub oxidation tshuaj tiv thaiv uas lub roj molecules. Kub readings no yuav tsum muaj ntau tshaj nyob rau hauv qhov tsaus ntuj nti tsam, tab sis tsis txaus rau qhov kawg decomposition. Nws yog nyob rau hauv thawj ob cheeb tsam uas muaj muaj zog cua sov mob ntawm unburned roj thiab cov pa roj carbon hais muaj yog ib tug glowing nyhuv.

Qhov thib ob cheeb tsam no yog surrounded los ntawm ib tug cladding nrog tsis yog detectable kub qhov tseem ceeb. Nws los txog rau ib tug ntau ntawm cov pa molecules uas txhawb tag nrho afterburner roj hais. Tom qab lub oxidation ntawm tshuaj nyob rau hauv lub thib peb cheeb tsam luminous cov nyhuv yog tsis cai.

diagrammatic sawv cev

Rau clarity, peb qhia rau koj cov xim lub duab ntawm burning taws tswm ciab. nplaim taws Circuit Court muaj xws li:

1. Tus thawj los yog cheeb tsam tsaus.
2. Ib tug thib ob luminous cheeb tsam.
3. Ib tug thib peb pob tshab plhaub.

Xov lub txim yog tsis raug mus rau hlawv thiab charring tsuas yog tus tais kawg.

hlawv ntsuj plig teeb

Rau tshuaj lom neeg thwmsim feem ntau siv me me ntim nrog dej cawv. Lawv hu ua cawv cub. burner wick impregnated flooded nrog kua roj los ntawm cov orifice. Qhov no yog facilitated los ntawm capillary siab. Thaum ncav lub sab saum toj ntawm lub wick dawb, haus dej haus cawv pib qhuav. Nyob rau hauv lub vapor theem nws yog cig thiab kub nyhiab ntawm ib tug kub tsis siab tshaj 900 ° C.

Nplaim ntawm ib tug dej cawv teeb muaj li ib txwm daim ntawv no, nws yog yuav luag tsis muaj kob, nrog ib tug me ntsis tinge ntawm xiav. Nws cheeb tsam yog tsis yog li ntawd kom meej meej pom, zoo li ib tug tswm ciab.

Nyob rau hauv lub cawv burner, muaj npe tom qab tus paub txog Barthel, thaum pib ntawm qhov hluav taws kub yog nyob saum toj no lub mantle burner. Tej nplaim allergic thiaj li maub puab lub khob hliav qab thiab mus tawm los ntawm lub qhov intermediate feem, uas yog suav hais tias yog kub.

xim yam ntxwv

Nplaim tawg sib txawv xim los ntawm hluav taws xob zaus. Lawv kuj hu ua thaum tshav kub kub. Yog li, raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm combustion ntawm lub hydrocarbon tivthaiv nyob rau hauv cov huab cua, vim qhov kev tso tawm ntawm xiav nplaim HC compound. Tab sis thaum hais CC tawg lub teeb yog xim txiv kab ntxwv-liab xim.

Nws yog ib qhov nyuaj rau pom cov qauv ntawm cov nplaim taws, qhov Science News for KIDS ntawm uas muaj ib tug compound ntawm cov dej, carbon dioxide thiab cov pa roj carbon monoxide, kev sib txuas lus OH. Nws cov lus suab tsis muaj kob, txij thaum lub saum toj no hais thaum lub sij hawm combustion emit ultraviolet thiab infrared tawg.

Txheej nplaim correlated nrog kub indicators, As, mus rau lub xub ntiag ntawm ionic hom uas yuav mus rau ib txog kev emission spectrum los yog kho qhov muag. Yog li, combustion ntawm ib co ntawm cov ntsiab ua rau hloov xim nyob rau hauv lub burner nplaim taws. Txawv nyob rau hauv lub tseg ntawm lub teeb yog txuam nrog rau cov ntsiab nyob rau hauv sib txawv pab pawg ntawm lub periodic system.

Hluav taws nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm tawg, hais txog qhov pom spectrum, txoj kev tshawb spectroscope. Nws tau raug pom tias yooj yim tshuaj ntawm tag nrho cov pab pawg thiab muaj xws li nplaim taws coloring. Rau clarity combustion siv sodium raws li ib tug xeem active hlau. Yog hais tias koj ua kom nws mus rau hauv cov nplaim taws, tongues yog kaj daj. Nyob rau lub hauv paus ntawm cov xim yam ntxwv ntawm zoo tu qab tso sodium kab nyob rau hauv lub emission spectrum.

Rau alkali hlau yam ntxwv khoom teejtug uas yog ceev ceev excitation teeb emission ntawm atomic hais. Thaum ua volatility tebchaw xws li hais nyob rau hauv ib tug Bunsen burner nplaim taws yog nws cov xim.

Spectroscopic xeem qhia tau hais tias yam ntxwv kab nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam pom mus rau tus tib neeg lub qhov muag. Cov kev ceev ntawm lub teeb excitation thiab emission spectral yooj yim qauv zoo txog rau tus yam ntxwv siab electropositive hlau.

feature

Hauv plawv ntawm cov nplaim taws faib raws li hauv qab no yam ntxwv:

• lub xeev ntawm aggregation burning tebchaw. Lawv yog cov gaseous aerodisperse, khoom thiab kua daim ntawv;
• hom ntawm hluav taws xob, uas yuav ua tau tsis muaj kob, kob thiab luminous;
• Faib ceev. Muaj yog ceev thiab qeeb diffusion;
• Cov nplaim taws qhov siab. Tus qauv yuav ua tau luv luv thiab ntev;
• cim zog reacting mixtures. Emit pulsating laminar, turbulent zog;
• nrig txog kev pom xaav. Tshuaj hlawv nrog qee hmoov quav hlawv dub, dawb lias los yog pob tshab nplaim taws;
• kub parameter. Cov nplaim taws yuav ua tau ib tug tsawg kub, txias thiab kub.
• theem lub xeev ntawm cov roj - oxidizing reagent.

Ignition tshwm sim los ntawm diffusion los yog los ntawm pre-tov lub active Cheebtsam.

Oxidizing thiab txo lub cheeb tsam

Cov oxidation hais nyob rau hauv muaj zog tsam. Nws yog ib lub kub kub thiab yog nyob rau hauv lub saum toj. Nws roj hais yauv tiav combustion. Thiab muaj cov tshaj oxygen thiab roj tsawg leads mus rau ib tug mob siab heev oxidation txheej txheem. Qhov no feature yuav tsum tau siv thaum rhuab khoom saum toj no lub burner. Uas yog vim li cas cov ntaub ntawv uas raus rau hauv lub Upper ib feem ntawm cov nplaim taws. Tej combustion tshwm sim sai npaum li cas.

Yuav txo tau kev tshua muab qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub central thiab sab ib feem ntawm cov nplaim taws. Nws muaj ib tug loj mov ntawm combustible tshuaj thiab ib tug me me npaum li cas ntawm O ₂ molecules nqa combustion. Thaum ua ntawv thov mus rau cov chaw oxygenate cleavage yog nqa O caij.

Raws li ib qho piv txwv, cov txo nplaim taws yog siv tus txheej txheem ntawm lub cleavage ntawm divalent hlau sulfate. Tom qab kev sib cuag nrog FeSO ₄ nyob rau hauv ib tug central feem ntawm lub burner nplaim taws, muaj yog ib tug thawj cua kub nws thiab ces tus decomposition rau hauv ferric oxide, thiab leej faj dioxide anhydride. Nyob rau hauv no cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no tshwm sim nrog rau lub S rov qab them nyiaj ntawm + 6 thiab +4.

Vuam nplaim taws

Qhov no hom ntawm nplaim tsim los ntawm combustion ntawm lub sib tov roj los yog kua nrog chav ntshiab oxygen.

Ib qho piv txwv yog tus tsim ntawm cov pa-acetylene nplaim taws. Nws yog cais:

• cov tub ntxhais cheeb tsam;
• theem nrab rov qab cheeb tsam;
• huab flare tsam.

Yog li ntawd ntau hlawv roj-pa sib tov. Txawv nyob rau hauv lub ratio ntawm acetylene thiab ua rau sib txawv oxidant nplaim hom. Nws yuav ua tau li qub, carburizing (atsetilenistogo) thiab oxidative qauv.

Raws, tus txheej txheem ntawm tsis tiav combustion ntawm acetylene nyob hauv cov ntshiab cov pa yuav tau piav los hauv qab no kab zauv: HCCH + O ₂ → H ₂ + CO + CO (rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav tsum tau ib tug tias ntawm O _2).

Tau raws li molecular hydrogen thiab cov pa roj carbon monoxide hnov mob nrog huab cua oxygen. Qhov kawg khoom yog dej thiab tetravalent carbon monoxide. Cov kab zauv raws li nram no: CO + CO ₂ + H + 1½O ₂ → CO ₂ + CO ₂ + H ₂ O. Yuav kom qhov no cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav tsum tau 1.5 moles ntawm oxygen. Nyob rau hauv lub summation O ₂ yog tau hais tias 2.5 tias noj ib 1 tias HCCH. Thiab txij li thaum nyob rau hauv kev xyaum nws yog ib qhov nyuaj rau nrhiav tau ib tug zoo meej ntshiab oxygen (feem ntau muaj ib tug heev me me kis ntawm impurities), qhov ratio ntawm O ₂ mus rau lub HCCH yog 1.10 rau 1.20.

Thaum kev faib ua feem ntawm oxygen mus rau acetylene nqi tsawg tshaj li 1.10, yog ib tug carburizing nplaim taws. Tus qauv muaj ntau zog nws cov tub ntxhais, nws ntaem ua qhov muag plooj. Los ntawm no muaj hmoov quav hluav taws faib vim tsis muaj oxygen molecules.

Yog hais tias tus piv ntawm cov roj ntau dua li 1.20, lub oxidizing nplaim taws yog tau nrog ib tug dhau heev lawm ntawm cov pa. Ruaj nws molecule puas atoms ntawm cov iron thiab lwm yam steel Cheebtsam ntawm lub burner. Qhov no nplaim taws nuclear ib feem yuav luv luv thiab muaj ib tug tapering.

kub readings

Txhua cheeb tsam ntawm lub burner nplaim taws ntawm ib tug tswm ciab los yog nws muaj nws tus nqi vim tsawg oxygen molecules. qhib nplaim taws kub nyob rau hauv nws ntau qhov chaw yog hom twg los ntawm 300 ° C rau 1600 ° C.

Ib qho piv txwv yog ib tug nplaim taws diffusion thiab laminar, uas yog tsim nyob rau hauv peb zoo li. Nws muaj lub khob hliav qab tsaus feem nrog kub txog li 360 ° C thiab cov tsis muaj ib tug oxidizing neeg sawv cev. Saum toj no nws yog ib lub glow tsam. Nws kub yog hom twg los ntawm 550 mus 850 ° C, uas txhawb nqa thermal decomposition ntawm lub combustible sib tov thiab nws combustion.

Sab nraud cheeb tsam NW nyuam qhuav hnov li cas. Nws los nplaim taws kub mus 1560 ° C, uas yog tshwm sim los ntawm tej yam ntuj tso cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov roj molecules thiab lub rapidity ntawm tau txais daim ntawv ntawm ib tug oxidizing neeg sawv cev. Ntawm no, feem ntau si nyhav combustion.

Substance Cov nroj cig cuag txawv kub tej yam kev mob. Piv txwv li, nws yog xim hlau magnesium Burns tsuas yog nyob rau 2210 ° C. Rau ntau khib nyiab nplaim taws kub ntawm txog 350 ° C. Ignition tau ntais ntawv thiab kerosene rau 800 ° C thaum lub cav ntoo - los ntawm 850 ° C rau 950 ° C.

Cov luam yeeb yog lit nplaim taws, qhov kub ntawm uas nws txawv ntawm 690 rau 790 ° C thiab ib tug hluav taws roj zeb-butane sib tov - los ntawm 790 ° C rau xyoo 1960 ° C. Roj Av Cov nroj cig cuag ntawm 1350 ° C. Nplaim ntawm burning cawv yog ib tug kub tsis siab tshaj 900 ° C.