Mari koom pheej: qhov kev piav qhia, lub nroog, lub cheeb tsam, thiab nthuav tseeb

Mari koom pheej (Mari El) - ib qho ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab Federation, uas muaj lawv tus kheej lub xeev. Qhov no tsim, nyob rau hauv cov European ib feem ntawm Russia, muaj autonomy cai txij li thaum lub Soviet lub sij hawm. Qhov no cheeb tsam yog heev tshwj xeeb thiab yog los ntawm kev txaus siab rau cov kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv ntau yam teb. Wb tau paub li cas yuav muab lub Mari koom pheej thiab nws cov neeg.

thaj chaw

Cov koom pheej ntawm Mari El yog nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub European ib feem ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation. Nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb thiab sab hnub poob ntawm qhov kev kawm ntawm cov federation nyob rau ciaj ciam ntawm lub Nizhny Novgorod cheeb tsam nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb thiab sab hnub tuaj - nrog rau cov Kirov cheeb tsam, nyob rau hauv sab qab teb-sab hnub tuaj - nrog rau cov koom pheej ntawm Tatarstan, thiab nyob rau hauv sab qab teb - Chuvashia.

Mari koom pheej yog nyob rau hauv ib tug kub tsis txias climatic tsam nrog ib tug kub tsis txias continental kev nyab xeeb hom.

Lub cheeb tsam ntawm no yuav kawm txog Federation yog 23,4 txhiab sq. M. km, uas yog ib tug 72-m index ntawm tag nrho cov cheeb tsam ntawm lub teb chaws.

Cov peev ntawm lub Mari koom pheej - Yoshkar-Ola

Luv luv Keeb kwm Tom qab

Tam sim no ib me ntsis saib mus rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm lub koom pheej ntawm Mari El.

Txij ancient sij hawm, qhov no lub teb chaws twb nyob hauv Npanpiloo los ntawm Finno-Ugric pab pawg neeg, uas, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, yog cov titular lub teb chaws ntawm cov koom pheej. Nyob rau hauv lub ancient keeb kwm nws twb hu ua Cheremisses, txawm hais tias lawv tus kheej hu ua Mari.

Tom qab tsim ntawm lub Golden Horde pab pawg neeg Mari mus rau hauv nws muaj pes tsawg leeg, thiab tom qab lub cev qhuav dej ntawm lub xeev nyob rau ib feem ntawm lub steel tributaries ntawm lub Kazan Khanate. Vim lub merger ntawm Kazan los ntawm Ivan qhov txaus ntshai nyob rau hauv 1552, lub teb chaws los ua ib feem ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab Mari lub nceeg vaj. Txawm tias Western haiv neeg Cheremisses coj Lavxias teb sab pej xeem txawm ua ntej lawm, thiab kev cai raus dej. Tom qab hais tias, cov dab neeg uas Mari yog inextricably txuas nrog rau txoj hmoo ntawm Russia.

Tab sis ib co Mari pab pawg neeg yeej tsis xav li ntawd, cia li coj Lavxias teb sab pej xeem. Yog li ntawd, lub sij hawm txij li thaum 1552 nyob rau hauv 1585 tau cim los ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm Cheremis kev tsov kev rog uas nws aim tau yuam Mari pab pawg neeg coj Lavxias teb sab pej xeem. Nws thiaj li Mari tau subdued, thiab lawv txoj cai muaj mob xwb. Tab sis nyob rau hauv lub xyoo tom ntej, lawv tau muaj kev koom muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv ntau yam revolts, piv txwv li, Pugachev ntxeev siab nyob rau hauv 1775.

Meanwhile, Mari pib txais yuav Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai. Lawv tau tsim nws tus kheej tsab ntawv raws li nyob rau hauv lub Cyrillic ntawv, thiab tom qab qhib ntawm lub Kazan kawm vaj lug kub, ib co neeg sawv cev ntawm cov neeg twb tau mus tau ib tug zoo kev kawm ntawv.

Tom qab lub Bolsheviks tuaj faiv fab Mari Autonomous Oblast yog tsim nyob rau hauv 1920. Nyob rau hauv 1936, lub Mari Autonomous koom pheej twb tsim nyob rau nws cov hauv paus (MASSR). Thaum lub hnub poob ntawm lub Soviet Union, nyob rau hauv 1990, nws tau reorganized rau hauv lub Mari koom pheej.

Tom qab lub cev qhuav dej ntawm lub Soviet Union thiab tsim los ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab Federation, yog ib lub yam ntawm lub xeev los ua tus Mari koom pheej, los yog raws li nws yog hu ua nyob rau hauv lwm txoj kev, lub koom pheej ntawm Mari El. Lub Constitution hais tias kev kawm ntawv muaj nqis sib npaug siv cov khoom no.

pej xeem ntawm lub teb chaws

Cov pej xeem ntawm lub Mari koom pheej tam sim no sawv ntawm 685,9 txhiab. Cov neeg. Nws yog ib tug 66-th tshwm sim ntawm tag nrho cov kev kawm Lavxias teb sab federations.

Cov pejxeem ceev nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws yog 29,3 neeg / sq. M. km. Kev sib piv: nyob rau hauv ib tug zoo xws li cov Nizhegorodskaya cheeb tsam index yog 42,6 neeg / sq. M. km, Chuvashia - 67,4 neeg / sq. km. km, thiab nyob rau hauv lub Kirov cheeb tsam - 10.8 inhabitants / sq. km. km.

Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias hauv paus txawm thiab constituent haiv neeg ntawm Mari El yog Mari, thaum lub caij lawv - tsis feem ntau heev heev haiv neeg ntawm lub teb chaws. Qhov tseem nrog no Lavxias teb sab cheeb tsam tus pej xeem. Roos lawv 45,1% ntawm tag nrho cov pej xeem ntawm lub Federation. Mari yog tsuas 41,8% yog nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws. Qhov kawg census, nyob rau hauv uas Mari txaus prevailed tshaj lub Lavxias teb sab, yog ua nyob rau hauv 1939.

Cov lwm haiv neeg yog feem ntau heev heev Tatars. Lawv tus naj npawb nqi 5.5% ntawm tag nrho cov xov tooj ntawm cov neeg nyob rau hauv lub Mari-El. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws nyob Chuvash, Ukrainian, Udmurt, Belarusian, Mordvins, Armenians, Azerbaijanis, thiab cov Germans, tab sis lawv muaj pes tsawg yog considerably me dua hais tias ntawm lub peb aforementioned haiv neeg.

Faib cov kev ntseeg

Nyob rau hauv Mari El yog kis haum loj tus naj npawb ntawm ntau txojkev ntseeg. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, 48% pom tias lawv tus kheej raws li Orthodox ntseeg, 6% yog Muslim thiab 6% - los ntawm UFW ntawm cov ancient pagan cai dab qhuas ntawm Mari. Txawm li cas los, hais txog 6% ntawm cov pejxeem - yog atheists.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau saum toj denominations, lub cheeb tsam muaj cov Catholic lub zej lub zos zoo li raws li cov zej zog los ntawm ntau yam Protestant denominations.

administrative division

Cov koom pheej ntawm Mari El, muaj kaum plaub ntawv thiab cheeb tsam peb lub zos ntawm lub regional subordination (Yoshkar-Ola, Volzhsk thiab Kozmodemyansk).

Qhov tseem populated cheeb tsam ntawm lub koom pheej ntawm Mari: Medvedevsky (67.1 txhiab tshuaj INH ..), Venigovsky (42.5 txhiab tshuaj INH ..), Soviet (29.6 txhiab tshuaj INH ..), Morkinsky (29.0 txhiab tshuaj INH ..). Ib thaj nyuag, qhov loj tshaj plaws yog Kilemarsky District (3.3 txhiab sq. Km.).

Yoshkar-Ola - lub peev ntawm tus Mari-El

Cov peev ntawm lub Mari koom pheej yog lub nroog ntawm Yoshkar-Ola. Nws yog situated kwv yees li nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub cheeb tsam. Tam sim no, muaj txog 265,0 txhiab. Neeg uas nyob ntawm ib tug ntom ntawm cov pej xeem ntawm 2640,1 neeg / sq. M. km.

Cov nationalities yeej los ntawm Lavxias teb sab, nrog ib tug txawm ntau pronounced tshaj nyob rau hauv lub dav dav nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws. Lawv tus xov tooj yog 68% ntawm tag nrho cov pejxeem. Lub peb hlis ntuj nram qab no lawv muaj ib lub ntiajteb txawj nqus ntawm 24%, thiab Tatar - 4.3%.

Lub nroog tau nrhiav tau rov qab nyob rau hauv 1584 raws li ib tug Lavxias teb sab tub rog fortification. Txij thaum nws cov inception thiab kom txog thaum 1919 nws twb hu ua Tsarevokokshaisk. Nyob rau hauv 1919, tom qab lub Bolshevik kiv puag ncig, twb muaj npe Krasnokokshaysk. Nyob rau hauv 1927 nws tau txiav txim siab los rename nws mus rau Yoshkar-Ola, uas yog txhais los ntawm Mari li "liab lub nroog".

Tam sim no, Yoshkar-Ola - ib tug kuj loj regional chaw zov me nyuam nrog ib tug tsim infrastructure, kev lag luam thiab kab lis kev cai.

Lwm yam republics nroog

Tus so ntawm lub nroog ntawm Mari koom pheej yog significantly tsawg tshaj Yoshkar-Ola. Qhov loj tshaj plaws ntawm lawv Volzhsk muaj ib tug pej xeem ntawm 54,6 txhiab. Cov neeg, uas yog yuav luag tsib lub sij hawm tsawg tshaj li nyob rau hauv lub capital.

Lwm yam lub zos nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam yuav khav txawm muaj neeg tsawg tsawg. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv Kozmodemyansk nyob 20,5 txhiab neeg nyob rau hauv Medvedevo - .. 18,1 txhiab tus neeg, Zvenigovo - .. 11.5 txhiab tus neeg, nyob rau hauv lub zos Soviet - .. 10.4 txhiab neeg ..

Qhov seem kev koom ntawm cov koom pheej muaj ib cov pejxeem uas tsawg tshaj li 10,000 tus neeg.

koom pheej infrastructure

Nyob rau hauv kev sib piv nrog rau lwm cov cheeb tsam ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab infrastructure Mari koom pheej, tsis suav lub nroog ntawm Yoshkar-Ola, tsis tau hu ua ib tug zoo-tsim.

Nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws muaj yog tsuas yog ib lub tshav dav hlau nyob rau hauv nws cov peev. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub cheeb tsam muaj 2 lub tsheb npav noj thiab 51 lub tsheb npav. Railway thauj yog sawv cev los ntawm kaum plaub noj.

Lub tsev ntawm Mari koom pheej yog feem ntau ua rau cov ntoo. Qhov no cov ntaub ntawv uas twb tau muab siv rau pua pua ntawm lub xyoo raws li ib qho zoo tagnrho rau cov chaw. Benefit nyob rau hauv cov ntoo cheeb tsam tsis. Tab sis nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, ntau thiab ntau high-sawv vaj tse tab tom ua thiab lub tsev ntawm niaj hnub lub tsev ntaub ntawv.

Txij thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo txhiab nyob rau hauv lub capital Yoshkar-Ola ua loj-scale reconstruction ua hauj lwm rau restore kev cai thiab kev architectural monuments ntawm lub nroog.

Cov koom pheej kev khwv nyiaj txiag

Ntawm cov cheeb tsam ntawm kev lag luam feem ntau tshaj metalworking thiab mechanical engineering. Tseem muaj tuam txhab uas muag kev khiav hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov ntoo, textile thiab khoom noj khoom haus industries. Yuav luag tag nrho cov ntau lawm yog feeb meej nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Yoshkar-Ola thiab Volzhsk.

Nyob rau hauv ua liaj ua teb, qhov ntau dua txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov tsiaj nyeg, mas nyuj thiab npua. Qoob loo specializes nyob rau hauv loj hlob hauv qab no cov qoob loo: cereals, flax, nog cov qoob loo, qos yaj ywm thiab lwm yam zaub.

tourism

Lossis loj tej zaum kev ua si kev pab yog nto moo Mari koom pheej. Ua si nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam, ntawm chav kawm, sib txawv ntawm lub niaj zaus seaside resorts, tab sis yog tau coj tsis muaj tsawg, thiab tej zaum txawm ntau kev lom zem. Ntxuav huab cua, uas yog noo nrog tiv thaiv cov ces kaum ntawm cov cheeb tsam no yuav hloov tsis tau dab tsi.

Ntawm kev ceeb toom yog lub pas dej nyob rau hauv lub Mari koom pheej. Lub cheeb tsam muaj ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm lawv, thiab lawv tseem yog zoo txaus siab rau tourists. Tshwj xeeb yog noteworthy Kulikovo pas dej nyob ze ntawm lub nroog ntawm Volzhsk.

Rau cov neeg ncig chaw uas xav kom nyob twj ywm tseg, qhib lawv lub qhov rooj mus rau kev ua si chaw zov me nyuam, cov me nyuam camps thiab sanatoriums Mari koom pheej.

nthuav lus tseeb

Nws yog noteworthy tias, txawm hais tias tus titular lub teb chaws ntawm Mari El yog Mari, feem ntau ntawm cov cheeb tsam lub neeg nyob - haiv neeg Lavxias teb sab.

Ua ntej mus rau lub creation nyob rau hauv 1920 ntawm lub Mari siv yooj yim Region nyob rau hauv Mari twb tsis tau nws tus kheej, thiab lub chaw uas zoo heev ntawm tam sim no koom pheej ntawm Mari El tau muab faib nrog ob peb lub moo.

Sab nraum lub Mari koom pheej yog lub tsev mus rau ib tug zuj zus tooj ntawm Mari, dua li hauv nws.

General cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov Mari koom pheej

Txawm hais tias Mari koom pheej thiab tsis tau hu ua tus siab heev muaj cheeb tsam ntawm Russia, lub cheeb tsam muaj ib yam zoo. Nws lub ntsiab wealth - hard-neeg ua hauj lwm. Feem ntau ntawm cov neeg uas nyob hauv thaj av ntawd - haiv neeg Lavxias teb sab thiab Mari. Thaj av tsis tshua populated thiab muaj tsuas yog ib lub nroog, uas muaj peev xwm yuav hu ua conditionally zoo - lub peev ntawm Yoshkar-Ola.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd rau cov tib neeg muaj peev xwm, Mari koom pheej yog paub tag nrho cov tshaj Russia thiab ntau cim ua si cov kev pab. Healthy hnub caiv nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam yog peev xwm kho tau ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov kab mob.