Lustration - yog dab tsi? Cov kev cai lij choj nyob rau hauv lustration. Lustration nyob rau hauv Ukraine

Cov kev hloov ntawm tsoom fwv regimes yog feem ntau nrog los ntawm cov kev qhia tawm thiab lwm yam kev hais plaub ntug dab thiab accusatory. Lub sij hawm "lustration" yog tsis muaj dab tsi tshiab. Lo lus paub txawm lub feem ntau unenlightened. Tab sis dab tsi lustration, nws tseem tsis meej rau yuav luag txhua leej txhua tus.

Lub keeb kwm ntawm tshwm sim ntawm Lustration cov txheej txheem

Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv ancient Rome thiab ancient Greece muaj ib tug cleansing ritual. Kev lig kev cai kho cov me nyuam mos purification los ntawm muab khoom fij rau tus gods. Nyob rau hauv niaj hnub tej yam kev mob, wondering: "Lustration - uas yog," peb yuav tham txog ib tug txheej txheem ntawm purification ntawm tag nrho cov theem ntawm tsoom fwv los ntawm ib hom ntawm ua hauj lwm.

Feem ntau cov feem ntau lustration siv rau tag nrho cov high-qeb duas ua hauj lwm ntawm lub xeev, raws li zoo raws li tag nrho cov neeg sawv cev ntawm txoj cai thiab kev txiav txim thiab lub teb chaws ruaj ntseg. Ministers, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm tus thawj thiab PatientsÕ tub ceev xwm, kev ruaj ntseg rog, cov txiav txim thiab tub ceev xwm - yog ib tug tsis tiav daim ntawv teev cov civil txib nyob rau hauv kev sib hwm ntawm cov uas siv lub tswvyim ntawm "lustration".

Vim li cas siv lustration

Lub initiators ntawm tus txheej txheem yog ib txwm tus tshiab, tuaj thaum lub sij hawm ib co revolutions (los yog coup) tsoom fwv. Lawv siv zog nyob rau hauv txhua txoj kev uas qhia tias lawv muaj txhaum rau txhua yam tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws ua ntej lawv. Feem ntau cov neeg ntawm lub teb chaws suffers tag nrho cov "hauj lwm zoo" ntawm yav tas los rulers nyob rau hauv lub tshiab. Thiab nws tsis ua rau kom cov loyalty ntawm cov neeg mus rau lub tshiab tsoom fwv, tab sis, theej aggravates cov twb nyuaj hloov dab.

Yog li ntawd, tus tshiab tsoom fwv dhau ib tug kev cai lij choj nyob rau hauv lustration, uas qhia txog cov tej yam kev mob nyob rau hauv uas ua hauj lwm tej zaum yuav nyob twj ywm nyob rau hauv chaw ua hauj lwm. Tag nrho cov neeg uas ib txoj kev los sis lwm muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv tib neeg txoj cai kev ua txhaum, kev quab yuam ntawm cov neeg, cov falsification ntawm nom tswv thiab keeb kwm tseeb, thiab hais txog. E., Tsis txhob cia cov tswj lub cev teem los ntawm tus tshiab regime.

Lustration - yog kua zaub ntsuab predecessors

Lustration - yog dab tsi? Kua zaub ntsuab predecessors. Qhov ntawd yog yuav ua li cas ib co European thiab American nom kws tshawb fawb, thiab historians kwv yees tus txheej txheem no. Nws tsis yog ib txwm tau mus ua pov thawj conclusively official txhaum ntawm kev ua txhaum cai nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau tib neeg cov cai thiab kev ywj siab. Feem ntau txaus raws sij hawm xa mus "teeb liab" rau cov commission, uas tseem ua hauj lwm nrog rau qhov no qhov teeb meem, thiab ua hauj lwm muaj ib tug ntau ntawm teeb meem.

Nrog txaus denunciation txojkev tug thiab Czech, nyob rau hauv uas ua hauj lwm lustration ua tom qab lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm lub communist party. Cov nab npawb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sau npe los ntawm cov pej xeem nrog npe liam muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv tib neeg txoj cai kev ua txhaum nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws tau mus txog xws li ib tug scale tias tsuas yog tus thawj theem - thaum tau txais ib lub teeb liab - lawv twb txheeb rau hauv peb pawg. Tus thawj lub caij nplooj zeeg ua hauj lwm uas nws tej kev txhaum raug muaj pov thawj, thiab tsis yuav tsum tau pov thawj; lub thib ob - cov neeg uas nws tej kev txhaum tsis tau pov thawj, tab sis lawv zais qhov tseeb ntawm nws txoj kev koom tes nrog cov kev ruaj ntseg cov tub ceev xwm. Thiab lub thib peb pab pawg neeg muab tawm rau cov neeg uas nws ua txhaum cai deduce nws yog yuav luag tsis yooj yim sua vim cov kev txwv ntawm lawv tej hauj lwm. Feem ntau cov feem ntau nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau cov petty ua hauj lwm tsis mus foob, tab sis qhov no qeb yog cov coob.

Cov ntsiab cai ntawm lustration

Raws li twb tau hais, lustration - lub ntsiab txhais ntawm ua hauj lwm nyob rau ntau lub theem ntawm cov npe, uas txwv tsis pub ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov pej xeem thawj coj. Feem ntau cov txheej txheem yog nyob rau hauv Eastern Europe tom qab lub overthrow ntawm cov communist regime. Dua li ntawm qhov sib txawv nyob rau hauv txoj kev ntawm paub txoj cai ntawm tib neeg txoj cai nyob rau hauv ntau lub teb chaws, nws yog tseem zoo xws li cov ntsiab cai thiab kev lub lustration.

Ua ntej, tag nrho cov States tau rau txim rau cov dej num ntawm cov communist regime, ib tug qhia thawj coj ntawm lub teb chaws thiab siv cov xov xwm mus tso siab rau tib neeg. Secondly, tag nrho lub sij hawm lub sij hawm ntawm lub communist regime yog txhais raws li ib tug criminal. Qhov ntawd yog ib tug me me caveat rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm qhov teeb meem no -. Nws yog 1948-1990 xyoo. Thirdly, nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm lub teb chaws txwv tsis pub nkag tau mus rau lub qub hauj lwm ntawm lub managerial txaus cuam tshuam tsis tsuas yog tus tsoom fwv thiab cov kev cai ntawm kev cai lij choj, tab sis kuj cov tsev kawm ntawv thiab kev cai dab qhuas cov koom haum.

Tag nrho lwm cov tswv yim hais txog dab tsi lub lustration ntawm lub hwj chim, muaj lub teb chaws yam ntxwv. Cov coos thiab loudest lustration dab tej Czech koom pheej thiab teb chaws Poland.

Lustration nyob rau hauv lub Czech koom pheej

Lub split ntawm Czechoslovakia rau hauv ob lub xeev thiab cov overthrow ntawm lub communist regime coj mus rau lub fact tias cov Czech koom pheej tau siv ib tug ncaj txhav thiab sib sib zog nqus purge ntawm ua hauj lwm. Yog li ntawd lustration - hais tias nws yog nyob rau hauv kev xyaum?

Txij li thaum xyoo 1991 los lawm, Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws Council ntawm lub Czech koom pheej coj ib tug xov tooj ntawm decommunisation cai. Nyob rau hauv kev, ib tug ntawm lawv - "Nyob rau hauv illegality ntawm lub communist regime" - txiav txim siab hais tias lub luag hauj lwm rau txhua yam uas tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub postwar lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv Czechoslovakia, lies nyob rau hauv Communist Party thiab nws cov coj noj coj ua. Lawv liam tsis tsuas yog ntawm nyiaj txiag tswj ntawm lub teb chaws thiab qhia kev cai ntawm socialism, tab sis nyob rau hauv kev xyaum qhia ntawv spying on txhua lwm yam.

"Softness" loj lustration nyob rau hauv lub Czech koom pheej

Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm kev txiav txim xyuas tias muaj tseeb muaj undergone ntau tshaj 140 000 cov neeg - .. Cov ntawm tag nrho cov ibyam, cov txiav txim, rectors ntawm universities, directors ntawm kev tshawb fawb institutes, thiab lwm yam raws li sai li ib lub teeb liab mus rau ib los yog lwm official, nws tau tam sim ntawd tso los ntawm lawv cov hauj lwm (yog hais tias nws yog tus ua hauj lwm ntawm nyob rau hauv tsoom fwv) thiab ib tug ad hoc committee mus pib txoj kev ntsuam xyuas nyob rau hauv kev sib hwm ntawm tus neeg ntawd. Raws li tus tsim kev txiav txim, daim tshev yog tsis ntau tshaj li ob lub hlis yuav tsum tau muab nqa tawm, tiam sis feem ntau ncua rau rau lub hlis los yog ntau tshaj.

Yog hais tias lub Committee twb tau los ua pov thawj rau hauv lub txhaum ntawm ib tug neeg, los yog tsawg kawg pop up cov lus tseeb hais txog nws tau koom tes nrog cov kev ruaj ntseg rog, nws tau deprived ntawm tseem los tuav ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov xeev lug rau 5 xyoo. Nws yog rau tej "txim" Czech lustration dab thiab yog hu ua mos.

Siv tsis raws cai ntawm cov lustration txheej txheem

Dua li ntawm qhov transparency ntawm tag nrho cov dab, uas tus tshiab tsoom fwv nrhiav kom 1996 coj noj coj ua txoj haujlwm rau cov tag nrho cov pobtsuas tsis txaus. Yog li ntawd, txawm tus neeg sawv cev ntawm tus tshiab kev ywj pheej tsoom fwv, pib txhob lub lustration txheej txheem rau neutralize nom tswv tw.

Nws tau txais txawm Vatslavu Gavelu, uas yog tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm lub Czech koom pheej thiab ua si xwb qab lub tsib-communization tswj thiab lub hwj chim. Nyob rau hauv cov archives ntawm lub State Security pom ib cov ntaub ntawv rau nws, nyob rau hauv uas, tom qab lwm sib tham nrog ib tug neeg sawv cev ntawm cov tub ceev xwm Havel piav raws li "ib tug ua tau tus neeg sib tw rau kev koom tes."

Twb tau nyob rau 1996, paub nrog lawv cov ntaub ntawv, yog tias muaj, nyob rau hauv cov archives, txhua leej txhua yuav Czechs. Tab sis txij li thaum muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm "zag kev tshwm sim", thiab critics ntawm lustration tau ua nce taw tes rau lub fallacy ntawm tus txheej txheem no, tej kev txwv rau cov kev qhia tawm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hais txog neeg sau xov xwm, kev kawm ntawv thiab lub tsev kawm ntawv cov xib fwb raug ua tswvcuab.

Lustration nyob rau hauv teb chaws Poland

Polish "Solidarity" txav coj lub baton ntawm lub hwj chim los ntawm ob txhais tes ntawm cov Communist. Nws ntsia heev peacefully thiab cai. Tus tshiab tsoom fwv tau guaranteed inviolability ntawm cov mej zeej ntawm lub Communist Party thiab kev ruaj ntseg. Txawm li cas los, radical minded cov neeg sawv cev ntawm "Solidarity" nyob rau hauv lawv cov quest tau nyiaj pab ntau tshaj nkag tau mus rau tsoom fwv npaj yuav ua kom paub rau txim rau kev koom tes nrog rau cov communist regime nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov raug kaw.

Cov proposals twb tsis txais, tab sis lub kwj ntawm cov denunciations ntawm nws lug txhawb cov miv yog li ntawd zoo kawg hais tias cov txheej txheem yog lus swept lub teb chaws. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, lub Polish Sejm saws ib tug kev cai lij choj nyob rau hauv lustration, nyob rau hauv uas lub voj voog ntawm ua hauj lwm tsuas los ntawm nom tswv, senior ua hauj lwm, deputies thiab txiav txim rau. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, sawv ib tug kev coj noj coj txoj hauj lwm, ntes tau hauj tau laj mej pej xeem hloov siab lees txim thiab txais kev zam txim rau cov neeg ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub communist regime. Chiv, uas yog hais txog nws.

Loj heev raug ntawm cov tshiab ua hauj lwm

By 2007, Poland swept ob peb loj scandals. Tom qab qhia cov archive ntaub ntawv mus Deputy Prime Minister Yanushu Tomashevskomu, legendary fighter rau tib neeg txoj cai Lech Walesa, Aleksandru Kvasnevskomu (xya tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm Poland) thiab ntau lwm zoo-paub Polish politicians thiab pej xeem nuj nqis.

Nyob rau hauv 2006, lub Polish Sejm saws hloov mus rau lub lustration txoj cai, raws li uas ncua rau hauv lub chav ntawm cov neeg uas nws cov dej num thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm lub Communist tog yog kev kawm mus rau cov pej xeem. Sau xov xwm, kev kawm ntawv thiab lub tsev kawm ntawv professors, directors ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv thiab lwm yam me ua hauj lwm kuj yuav xa lustration tshaj tawm thaum ua ntawv thov rau ib txoj hauj lwm los yog yauv ib daim tshev nyob rau hauv cov kev tshwm sim hais tias thaum lub sij hawm ntawm tus me nyuam ntawm cov kev hloov twb nyob rau hauv lub post. Dua denunciations txaus tau zus mus unprecedented proportions, yog li ntawd lub cai Tsev Hais Plaub yuav tsum tau Poland nyob rau hauv 2007 kom paub txog ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov kev hloov, txhaum cai.

Xeem scandal, muab cov lus teb rau lo lus nug "lustration - hais tias nws" tsoo tawm nyob rau hauv 2007 nyob rau hauv Cov Qib ntawm lub Koom Txoos Catholic. Nws ncej ntawm Metropolitan ntawm Warsaw twb yuam kom khiav tawm Stanislaw Wielgus, uas zais thaum lub sij hawm qhov kev sib tham nyob rau hauv lub Vatican nws koom tes nrog cov Polish xeev kev ruaj ntseg lub cev nyob rau hauv lub 70s.

Lustration yuav tsum tau mainstreamed rau hauv tag nrho cov cheeb tsam ntawm kev tib neeg lub neej, tab sis lub nuances thiab cov tej yam kev mob nyob rau hauv cov neeg uas yog yuav tsum tau suav hais tias.

Lustration nyob rau hauv lub post-Soviet qhov chaw

Yav tas los republics ntawm lub Soviet Union, tau kev ywj siab nyob rau hauv 1991, nws tau kuj pheej hais tias cov lustration, uas tus nqi yog feem ntau overrated, uas yuav tsum tau.

Nyob rau hauv Russia thiab Ukraine tau pheej sim pib lub lustration, tab sis tsis muaj nqi tau tsis lees yuav. Nyob rau hauv Russia, tus nqi twb qhia raws li ib feem ntawm cov kev ncaj ncees ntawm repressed los ntawm cov totalitarian tsoom fwv ntawm txoj cai, raws li tag nrho cov uas lub tsev hais plaub thiab ua hauj lwm muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv kev tsuj, raug coj ua ntej lub tsev hais plaub. Txawm li cas los, tshwj xeeb kis no yog tsis pom, thiab tag nrho cov tom ntej sim nyob rau lustration tub ceev xwm tsis tau txais kev pab.

Nyob rau hauv Georgia, lub Communist thiab Nazi cim tau raug txwv thaum lub sij hawm lustration. Rau ib qho tseem ceeb txaus tsis pub qub neeg ua hauj lwm ntawm cov kev ruaj ntseg nruab nrog cev thiab functionaries ntawm lub Communist tog.

Lustration nyob rau hauv lub Baltic States

Qhov loj tshaj resonance lustration hu nyob rau hauv lub Baltic lub teb chaws. Nyob rau hauv Estonia, piv txwv li, kev cai lij choj muab rau lub foob ntawm cov neeg muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv loj tsuj thaum lub sij hawm lub communist regime. Latvia thiab Lithuania yog ntau loyal cwj pwm mus rau lub yav dhau los ntawm lawv cov neeg, tiam sis ntawm no lub txoj cai lij choj restricting nkag rau lub hwj chim consciously collaborated nrog cov kev ruaj ntseg rog ntawm lub Soviet Union. Txawm li cas los, raws li nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe, uas lawv tau raug xav mus pauj nws tus kheej cov yeeb ncuab - cov lus "meej pem kev sib koom tes" yog heev, thiab yog li ntawd liam neeg tsis raug nqi dab tsi.

Ukraine thiab lub tawm tsam rau lub purity ntawm cov tub ceev xwm

"Lustration nyob rau hauv Ukraine yuav tsum tau ua sai li sai tau!" Nws yog nrog xws li slogans yog cov neeg tawm tsam yog tsis yog thawj zaug kiv puag ncig. Thawj tiag pib sib tham txog lustration tom qab lub "Txiv kab ntxwv kiv puag ncig" ntawm 2004.

Ces, nyob rau hauv lub Verkhovna Rada tau sau npe sai li sai tau 2 nqi nyob rau lustration. Raws li ib tug ntawm lawv, lustration yuav tsum tau nqa tawm nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau cov neeg muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub koom haum saib xyuas ntawm lub xeev, tshwj tsis yog rau cov Thawj Tswj Hwm thiab nws cov thawj coj functionaries. Nyob rau hauv lwm daim nqi, txwv rau cov neeg uas ncaj qha los yog kov koom tes nrog rau KGB ntawm lub USSR.

Cov ntawv ntawm lub Ukrainian haiv neeg zam txim rau

Tsis yog tus twg ces tsis tam sim no tsis muaj nqi yog tsis tau txais. Raws li kws txawj (sociologists, thoj zaum, thiab thiaj li nyob. P.), Lustration nyob rau hauv Ukraine yog tsis yooj yim sua, t. Yuav kom. Cov tib neeg yog ib yam nkaus thiab xav pauj kua zaub ntsuab thiab yog tsis zoo li yuav tsis muaj tseeb nrog rau kev hwm mus tej yam thiab tag nrho cov ua hauj lwm.

Cov uas yuav tsum tau rau lub "interim tsoom fwv" activists ntawm lub Maidan nyob rau hauv 2014, nyob rau hauv particular, qhia cov uas yuav tsum tau rau neeg sib tw yog: innocence rau cov tub ceev xwm, txij thaum 2010; tswv yim kev muaj tsawg kawg yog 5 xyoo nyob rau hauv senior txoj haujlwm nyob rau hauv t h thiab nyob rau hauv tsoom fwv ..; txhaum rau lub 100 richest neeg nyob rau hauv Ukraine , thiab hais txog. n.

Raws li ntawm lub Plaub Hlis 9, 2014 nyob rau hauv lub Verkhovna Rada ntawm Ukraine tau twb sau npe 4 ntawm tus nqi, uas tu ntawm txhua theem ntawm lub Ukrainian tsoom fwv - yog dab xws li lustration txiav txim, senior civil txib thiab me me, tub ceev xwm tub ceev xwm, thiab thiaj li nyob ..