Lub mechanism ntawm tshwm sim ntawm yoog mus rau lub vaj tse ntawm cov tsiaj thiab nroj tsuag

Lub evolutionary txheej txheem qhov tshiab, qhov tshwm sim ntawm pab nta, thiab lawv consolidation nyob rau hauv lub cev ntawm nyob quavntsej. Thiab cov kev hloov no yuav tsis tas tshwm sim nyob rau kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic theem. Heev tseem ceeb idioadaptation - txhia ntawm cov tsiaj, nroj tsuag thiab micro-kab rau tej ib puag ncig tej yam kev mob, tej yam, thiab yam ntxwv lub cev ntawm lub cheeb tsam.

Lub mechanism ntawm tshwm sim ntawm pab kiag li lawm - ib tug sib sib zog nqus evolutionary txheej txheem, txoj kev ua rau qhov kev kawm cov yam ntxwv nrog rau cov zaj uas lub sij hawm, maj. Kho qhov tsim nyog yam ntxwv nyob rau hauv lub genome ntawm nyob quavntsej mus rau manifest rau yav tom ntej tiam.

Adaptation, los yog adaptation ntawm tus kab mob no

Heev feem ntau koj yuav nrhiav tau lub cev ntawm zaub los yog tsiaj keeb kwm, uas muaj ib co txawv txawv feature nyob rau hauv cov qauv, kev coj cwj pwm los yog tsos. Piv txwv li, lo kab, uas outwardly tsis sib txawv ntawm tus ceg ntoo ntawm tsob ntoo. Los yog ya-hoverfly, uas muaj raws nraim tib yam xim, zoo li ib tug nkawj. Ntawm cov nroj tsuag piv txwv yog tolstostebelnye fleshy cactus, stilted thiab sim saum nruab ntug hauv paus hniav, keeb kwm-khoom.

Nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub, tag nrho cov ntawm no - lub adaptation rau tej vaj tse, tej yam kev mob los yog mus rau tiv thaiv lawv tus kheej los ntawm lwm yam creatures. Tej phenomena yog qho tseem ceeb heev vim hais tias lawv yog ib qho tseem ceeb theem nyob rau hauv lub evolutionary txheej txheem. Lub mechanism ntawm tshwm sim ntawm pab kiag li lawm yeej ib txwm muaj nws cov hauv paus nyob rau hauv lub caj qauv thiab nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb thiab tsim nyog fastening noob encoding qhia ntawm ib tug kev zoo losis phem. Piv txwv li, lub noob lub luag hauj lwm rau cov kev hloov ntawm cov xim chameleon, tsim nyob rau hauv lub genome ntawm cov tsiaj txhiab xyoo dhau los thiab tseem tso cia rau tag nrho cov yav tom ntej tiam.

cog adaptation: ib tug general txheej txheem cej luam

Txhia ntawm cov nroj tsuag yog ib feem ntawm lawv lub neej. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv muaj peev xwm yuav muab faib ua ob peb lub ntsiab pawg.

1. Los ntawm kub tej yam kev mob ntawm cov ib puag ncig.
2. av noo.
3. Cov kev pollination.
4. Los ntawm kev noj zaub mov.

Lub mechanism ntawm tshwm sim li raws li tag nrho cov tib qhia - evolutionary hloov nrog clamping thiab hloov mus rau lwm pub tsim nyog nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob nta. Yog li ntawd, yog tias ib tsob nroj yog yoog mus rau chaw uas zoo heev, ib puag ncig tej yam kev mob, kub, tag nrho nws cov tiam tom ntej, nws yuav muab tag nrho cov tsim nyog nta rau ib tug xis neej.

Nroj tsuag nyob rau hauv qhuav tej yam kev mob

Thaum kub, uas yog yeej los ntawm siab dhau heev lawm qhov tseem ceeb thiab constants tshav ntuj hnub, lub nroj tsuag pab kiag li lawm tau hais aimed ntawm txo dej evaporation. Tsis tas li ntawd, txuag nyhav thiab cov as-ham ua ke nrog bound dej nyob rau hauv lub kav.

No pom daim hlau yog txo kom tsawg li tsawg los yog kiag li hloov. Qhov tseem raug piv txwv yog lub suab puam nroj tsuag - cacti. Brutal tej yam kev mob ntawm cov hav zoov nyob rau hauv ib tug blazing kub hnub ua lub nplooj ntawm cov nroj tsuag hloov mus rau pos koob thiab stems - nyob rau hauv ib tug tuab fleshy kav, sau nrog parenchymal hlwb (puag daim ntaub) nrog ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm bound thiab dawb lub dej.

Lub mechanism ntawm tshwm sim ntawm cactus txhia heev kom meej meej qhia yuav ua li cas keej yuav cog nyob rau hauv lawv yoog. Vim pos nroj tsuag tsis qhuav cov dej los ntawm cov nplooj nto, thiab chaw pib, nws yam ib tug zoo npaum li cas. Dhau li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub kav, nyob rau hauv ib tug hloov tuab fleshy kav, muaj ib tug cia hnab khib ib tug xov tooj ntawm tej yam tshuaj, dej tuav tseg. Piv txwv li, sau:

• hydrophilic protein molecules;
• proline (amino acid, dej tuav);
• monosaccharides thiab ntau yam organic acids.

Tsis tas li ntawd, lub mechanism ntawm tshwm sim cactus pab kiag li lawm muaj xws li ntau lawm hormonal xwm ntawm tebchaw uas hamper qhov kev txiav txim ntawm kev loj hlob lawm (gibberellins, auxins). Qhov no pub rau cov nroj tsuag kom loj hlob sai sai kom tsis txhob raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev phiv tej yam kev mob, ntev li ib lub sij hawm ntev.

Adaptation rau ntau hom kev pollination

Lwm piv txwv ntawm adaptation nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag yog lawv muaj peev xwm hloov mus rau qhov pollinators. Piv txwv li, cua-pollinated noob cov ntaub ntawv yog qhuav thiab lub teeb, uas tsuas yuav dissipate txawm tsis muaj zog cua taw.

Yog hais tias cov nroj tsuag Entomophilous, nws ua paj ntawm ib tug tej yam xim thiab cov qauv:

• luj lug dawb lias;
• loj los yog sau nyob rau hauv loj Inflorescences;
• nrog ib tug muaj zog qab ntxiag tshuaj tsw qab.

Tus qauv ntawm lub paj tseem yuav haum nyob rau hauv lub pollinator. Muaj nroj tsuag pollinated nruj me ntsis tej hom ntawm cov noog los yog kab.

Cross-pollinated los yog nws tus kheej-pollinated nroj tsuag nyob rau hauv lub paj qauv muaj ntev Stamens thiab pistil tsaug cog rau paj ntoos nce mus txog lub stigma. Txhua yam ntawm cov cuab yeej ua ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv tu tub tu kiv thiab caj kuj ruaj nyob rau hauv lub genome.

ntev li ya raws tej yam kev mob rau tsob nroj

Nyob rau hauv teb chaws sov thiab subtropical yeej yog feem ntau tshwm sim ntawm ntau noo. Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias nyob rau hauv ib co chaw tauj downpours yuav mus ntau tshaj ib lub hlis. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, xws li ib tshaj ntawm cov dej yog heev teeb meem rau cov nroj tsuag. Yog li ntawd, ib co hom muaj tsim ib tug tej yam adaptation kom txo tau cov kev cuam tshuam ntawm tej xwm. Nws gidatody - dej estuary, ua tus nqi ntawm cov dej tas los ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Nws yoojyim lawm ncos. Qhov no tshwm sim yog hu ua Guttation.

Tsis tas li ntawd pab kiag li lawm ntau heev av noo cov nroj tsuag yog loj nplooj phaj nrog ib tug loj loj tus naj npawb ntawm stomata. Raws li, transpiration kuj enhanced.

Lub mechanism ntawm tshwm sim ntawm pab kiag li lawm nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj

Fauna yuam tsis tau tsuas yog rau hloov mus rau cov ib puag ncig tej yam kev mob, tab sis kuj yuav tiv thaiv lawv tus kheej los ntawm cov kev tawm tsam ntawm muaj zog rau cov tib neeg, rau cov uas lawv - cov zaub mov. Qhov no coj mus rau tsim ntawm ntau hom ntawm txhia nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj:

• kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub cev zoo thiab povtseg, wool (daim tawv nqaij, cwj mem) npog;
• kev tiv thaiv coloration;
• mimesis (imitation ntawm ib tug muaj kev tiv thaiv thiab txaus ntshai tsiaj);
• ceeb toom coloring;
• pleev cov tshuaj coj tus cwj pwm.

Ib tug piv txwv ntawm pab kiag li lawm los hloov tus duab ntawm lub cev, lub ceg ntoo thiab lub npog yog noog (plaub, keel, lub teeb cev pob txha streamlined cev zoo). Tsis tas li ntawd, dej tsiaj thiab ntses uas muaj fins thiab tails, du nto, cov tsis muaj ib tug muaj zog lub tsho tiv no. Tab sis lawv yog tam sim no huab cua bubbles, lub sab kab (nyob rau hauv cov ntses), webbed taw (Waterfowl), flippers (marine tsiaj).

Tiv coloration pom nyob rau hauv muaj ntau yam tsiaj, ob qho tib si terrestrial thiab dej. Piv txwv li, ntsuab grasshoppers, muab zais rau hauv cov nyom, hiav txwv koob nkaum lawv tus kheej nyob rau hauv algae. Chameleon npauj (pas nrig kab ntsig) Calim (npauj npaim simulating nplooj), mottled partridges, dawb thiab grey xim nqaij daim tawv noog thiab ntau lwm yam piv txwv ntawm reflecting ntaus ntawv nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj.

Mimicry, nws yog ib qho imitation nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav tiv thaiv lawv tus kheej los ntawm kev noj thiab noj cov yam ntxwv ntawm, piv txwv li, yoov, hoverflies (tsa ib tug nkawj), ib txhia hom nab, nab muaj taug kev luam thiab thiaj li nyob.

Ceeb toom coloring kab thiab tsiaj yog aimed rau ib tug fair lus ceeb toom inedibility hom, nws virulence. Piv txwv yog cov nab muaj taug, nkawj, muv, Bumble muv, ladybugs thiab lwm yam cov neeg sawv cev. Qhov no yog ib tug heev ntaus ntawv nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj.

Pleev Cov Tshuaj tus cwj pwm - ib tug hissing, growling, otprygivanie cia tseg, deflation kev lom kua (number case pos i hws thiab squid, skunks). Nws kuj yuav muaj xws li tej yam nta uas yog nyob rau hauv lub txias rau lub caij daim ntawv yug tej pab tsiaj los pab txhawb tau khoom noj khoom haus.

Tag nrho cov pab kiag li lawm yog tsim ntawm evolutionarily thiab txhob kaw-tsim mechanism rau kev kawm ntawv.

Adaptation ntawm polar bears

Lub mechanism ntawm tshwm sim ntawm dais txhia tsim nyob rau hauv ib tug tsis tshua txias tej vaj tse. Nws adaptation twb qhia rau khaws cia rau hauv lub warmth thiab zaub mov ntau lawm. Cov muaj xws li:

• patronizing dawb coloring (masking);
• ib tug tuab txheej ntawm subcutaneous rog, uas plays ib tug dual lub luag hauj lwm: rwb thaiv tsev thiab nyem lub cev hnyav thaum lub sij hawm ua luam dej thiab dhia;
• tuab tuab thiab sov plaub yuav tsum vov tag nrho saum npoo ntawm lub cev.

Vim lawv dais txhia yuav tsis ntshai ntawm txawm qhov loj tshaj plaws txias huab cua. Ib tug dawb xim tso cai rau nws mus ntsiag to nka mus txog ib lub hwj chim qhov twg los - cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj.

Txhia ntawm underground tsiaj

Qhov tseem ceeb sawv cev yog, ntawm chav kawm, tias thiab tag nrho nws cov txheeb ze (zokor, tias nas, thiab lwm tus). Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv nws tus yam ntxwv, xav txog adaptation. Lub mechanism ntawm tshwm sim tias pab kiag li lawm kev cob cog rua nrog underground vaj tse devoid ntawm ib co tseem ceeb abiotic yam: teeb txaus noo noo, tshav kub. Yog li ntawd adaptation ntawm cov tsiaj raws li nram no:

• haib khawb nqua;
• tsis muaj lub zeem muag;
• tuab txheej ntawm subcutaneous roj;
• tus thiab kaw ntom nti dub wool;
• streamlined cev zoo.

Adaptation loj suab puam tsiaj

Rau cov neeg feem ntau muaj xws li cov ntxhuav, lawv ntau yam. Lub mechanism ntawm tshwm sim rau ntawm cov ntxhuav pab kiag li lawm tsim nyob rau hauv ib tug tsis muaj noo noo thiab high kub. Adaptation hauv qab no qhov:

• Lub xub ntiag ntawm hlau relieving dhau heev lawm ntsev nyob rau hauv lub cev;
• tsawg potootvedenie;
• lub peev xwm rau ib tug ntev lub sij hawm tshaib plab, poob ceeb thawj los ntawm ib tug thib peb;
• Tshwj xeeb nta ntawm kev zom thiab cov metabolism hauv;
• lub xub ntiag ntawm humps, uas muaj cov roj-khaws cia bound dej;
• ceev ceev saturation dej mus rau replenish lub internal reserves.

Tag nrho cov txhia ua rau cov ntxhuav suab puam tej yam kev mob, nws yog nyiam thiab haum rau lub neej.