Kronotsky Reserve thiab nthuav tseeb txog nws. Kronotsky Biosphere cia

Kronotsky Reserve twb nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv 1934 nyob rau hauv lub Far East. Nws dav yog ib tug nruab nrab ntawm 60 km. 243 km ncav us txog lais.

Txawj nyeem ntawv tej zaum yuav xav paub tias qhov twg lub Kronotsky cia. Nws yog nyob rau hauv lub southeastern ib feem ntawm Kamchatka, yog cai muab rau lub Elizovo koog tsev kawm ntawv Kamchatka Region. Nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Elizovo yog cia tswj.

Nws yuav siv sij hawm nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau yam ntawm tej yam ntuj tso systems thiab lawv cov tsos ib tug tshwj xeeb qhov chaw ntawm no cheeb tsam nyob rau hauv lub Far East. Hauj lwm ntawm lub Kronotsky Biosphere cia yuav tsum tau nthuav tawm nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm.

Ua ntej, ib tug me ntsis keeb kwm. Tsim cov cheeb tsam tau pib ntau centuries ua ntej lub ntus ntawm lub official cia raws li txoj cai. Ntev txij li thaum, raws li ua timkhawv pom, kis tau tus kev lig kev cai ntawm kev txuag xwm, feem ntau sables, uas nyob rau hauv loj tus xov tooj ntawm no thiab tau nyob rau hauv lub zos ntawm kuj zoo kawg tseem ceeb. Chiv, nyob rau hauv 1882, muaj existed Sobolinsky Reserve. Ces, nyob rau hauv 1934, nws tau tsim rau hauv nws qhov chaw Kronotsky.

Reserve hnub no - ib tug uas zoo heev, uas yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ib qho lus polygon. Nws saum npoo cheeb tsam yog kwv yees li rau txhiab. ^Km2.

topography

Lub cheeb tsam yog mountainous, tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub ntug dej hiav txwv nras muaj nyob rau. Kronotsky cia - tej cheeb tsam, nyob ze rau sab qab teb-western ciam ntawm uas yog volcanoes, ob tug uas yog tam sim no (thiab Unana Taunishits). Nws conical zoo thiab qhov siab kuj sawv tu noob Kronotsky (altitude - 3528 m), uas yog zaum ob tsuas yog mus Kamchatka tseem ceeb toj. Kronotsky Reserve muaj ntau glaciers, uas nyob 14 txhiab hectares. Ib txhia ntawm lawv muaj ib tug zoo nkauj impressive loj, me, thiab lwm leej lwm tus - nthuav daim ntawv. Piv txwv li, Tyushevskii glacier nyob rau hauv ntev mus txog 8 km. Geysers thiab kub springs muaj nyob rau hauv kev nyuaj siab rau tej thaj chaw.

caldera Uzon

Caldera Uzon yog lub ntsiab attraction ntawm ib tug kwv xws li cov Kronotsky Reserve. Nws cia li sawv los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias pob zeb poob, txoj kev ua ib tug tsis tshua muaj yeej ncej. Muaj yog ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm txias thiab sov pas dej. Qhov loj tshaj plaws ntawm cov no yog cov: txias thiab sov Fumarolnoye Central. Rocky thiab ntxhab puab slopes ntawm cov caldera. Sab nraud tooj, canopies. Lawv tsiv mus nyob rau ib tug loj toj siab. Haib Griffins yog nyob rau hauv lub central ib feem ntawm lub caldera thiab funnel uas muaj dej kub, thiab cov av nkos huam (e.g., Sculptor uas txhua txhua 3 vib nas this "pwm" formations li rose). Tag nrho cov no - lub cim ntuj qhov chaw ntawm Kronotsky cia.

Lub hav ntawm Geysers

Nws ntaus Kamchatka Valley ntawm Geysers paub tsis meej thiab kev zoo nkauj. Tshwj xeeb yog impressive yog lub suab ntawm cov dej, thiab ntau dej ntws thiab lub lag luam uas muaj ntau hom kob algae, cov xim ntawm cov uas nws txawv ntawm dub mus txiv kab ntxwv thiab ntsuab. Nws kev zoo nkauj yog impressive dej tsaws tsag p. Nrov. Nws dej poob los ntawm ib qhov siab ntawm 80 meters. Rau hnub tim, lub Geyser hav dej muaj 22 active Geysers. Lawv tag nrho cov muaj muaj nyias muaj nyias voj voog ntawm kev ua si thiab lub npe. Tug ciav (geyser lub npe) no zoo vim nws Dentistry txhua txhua 17 feeb. Tab sis lub loj txiv neej, lub taub hau ntawm lub Geysers, ua rau nws "ua yeeb yam" tos mus txog tsib lub sij hawm. Qhov loj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv Kamchatka yog ib tug loj heev. Kronotsky cia - ib qho chaw qhov twg muaj tsis ruaj tsis khov, kab rov tav Geysers, liab lub khob hliav qab Tshiab ciav, ciav, ob npaug, hlaws, raws li zoo raws li kub springs xws li Floating, Malachite Grotto thiab lwm tus neeg.

Ib tug txiv neej uas yog nyob rau hauv lub Valley ntawm Geysers rau thawj lub sij hawm, pom staggering zoo heev. Yuav tsum mus ntsib tsuas yog hais tias rau lub spectacle Kronotsky State Xwm Reserve. Hauj lwm ntawm lub Valley ntawm Geysers yog ib qhov nyuaj rau kev nyob rau hauv lus. Ntiaj teb no nws yog li ntawd tsis muaj, nws zoo nkaus li yog hais tias koj rau lwm ntiaj chaw. Muaj xim uas yog kiag li yus muaj los ntawm ua hauj lwm ntawm lub ntiaj teb - nyob rau hauv ib tug tom qab ntawm ntsuab ntsias ntoo thuv, raws li zoo raws li lub nplooj ntawm cov ntoo - ntshav, liab, xim av, xim ntawm ci av nplaum ntiaj teb. cov huab cua ntxhiab tsw ntawm cov leej faj thiab chav yog nyeem rau cov kev txwv. Nyob ib ncig ntawm tag nrho cov npuas, hisses thiab boils! Loj thiab me me boilers, volcanoes underfoot seething av nplaum thiab lub ntiaj teb. Koj muaj peev xwm tsis mus ib kauj ruam xwb tawm txoj kev - scalded. Ntawm tej kab nrib pleb thiab to muab cub, uas "off" me me Geysers.

Nws yog zoo luag hauj lwm ntawm volcanic dab nyob rau hauv ib tug kub nce ntawm reservoirs, uas attracts nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj no tsis tsuas Waterfowl thiab Waterfowl, tab sis kuj ua tim thiab Bighorn yaj. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, vim volcanic gases lom tua ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov tsiaj thiab cov noog inhabiting lub Kronotsky Reserve. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv kev tuag pem hav feem ntau nrhiav tau cov tsiaj tuag. Lawv nyiam tsuag loj ua npua. Txawm li cas los, yuav tau tawm mus rau cov tsiaj tsis tau.

Reservoirs nyob rau hauv lub zeem cia

Muaj ntau tshaj li 800 reservoirs nyob rau hauv lub zeem cia. Roos lawv txog 3% ntawm tag nrho cov tiv thaiv cheeb tsam. Laus Semyachik dej ntws nyob rau hauv lub yav qab teb ib feem ntawm lub zeem cia. Qhov loj tshaj plaws dej ntws yog cov Bogachevka thiab Kronotsky. kawg ntev ntawm 39 kis lus mev. Nws li nram no los ntawm Kronotsky pas dej thiab cov ntaub ntawv ntau Islands tuaj thiab oxbows. Bogachevka nyob rau hauv ntev nws surpasses. Nws ntev yog 72 km thiab qhov tob yog 1.2-1.5 m. Cov dej no muaj ib tug raug roob cim. Nws ntxhib, txiav los ntawm lub sab sauv nce mus txog ntawm lub ntseg slopes, hauv av freezes nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj no.

Muaj ntau cov pas dej nyob rau hauv ib tug xwm zeem cia. Lub deepest - Kronotskoye. Nws tsa tus qauv npaj ntawm ib qho kev ceskaum daim duab peb sab.

cia kev nyab xeeb

Qhov no lub teb chaws belongs rau lub Pacific ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Chukotka rau climatic cheeb tsam. Tsim nyob rau hauv tus ntawm lub kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov dej hiav txwv Pacific. Nws tsim yog tseem los ntawm lub mountainous nyem ntawm no lub teb chaws. Lub caij ntuj sov nyob rau hauv lub zeem cia yog txias thiab noo, nrog tuab pos huab thiab nquag drizzle thiab lub teeb cua los ntawm sab qab teb. Nyob rau hauv lub Autumn yog sov thiab qhuav huab cua muaj ntau ntawm tshav ntuj. Txawm li cas los, lub caij ntuj no pib nyob rau hauv Kaum ib hlis. Nws yog yus muaj los ntawm tus mob khaub thuas muaj zog cua, tej zaum ncav nag xob nag cua lub zog, raws li zoo raws li snowfall. Nyob rau hauv tus ntawm avalanches pib rau hauv lub sov huab cua nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav. Qhov no yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj tseeb rau cov nqaim roob hav dej thiab ntxhab qhov chaw siab tshaj.

av

Av nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub zeem cia tsim nyob rau hauv tus ntawm volcanic kev ua si. Cob phum av rejuvenation pab nyob rau hauv tau txais nws ashes. Vim qhov no nws kuj yog noo nrog minerals. Tej xau muaj ib tug siab dej permeability thiab xoob kevcai tswj, uas yog heev paaj rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ntau yam nroj tsuag.

Cog hom nyob rau hauv lub zeem cia

600 hom vascular cov nroj tsuag nyob rau hauv lub zeem cia, raws li zoo raws li 113 hom Lichens. Ntawm cov uas tsis tshua muaj tseeb difazistrum Sitka, Lichen, uas yog nyob rau ntawm lub pob zeb. Nyob rau hauv lub zeem cia muaj 85 hom ntawm bryophytes, 6 - ferns. Cov lawv koj yuav nrhiav tau xws li tsawg hom li loj hlob nyob rau hauv ntub meadows Thelypteris palustris, lub Valley ntawm Geysers - spleenwort txiav-tawm, lub pob zeb uas cov Pacific ntug dej hiav txwv - ntsuab spleenwort, raws li zoo raws li lub cryptogram sau, loj hlob nyob rau hauv tus mob rocky chaw.

Pinus pumila ntaub ntawv thickets tshaj ib tug thoob plaws cheeb tsam. Nyob rau hauv ib txhia qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub zeem cia koj yuav nrhiav tau elegant fir thiab spruce Ayan. Nws kav mus txog 25 meters nyob rau hauv qhov siab, thiab nws muaj hnub nyoog tej zaum yuav 300 xyoo. Nws tseem yog nthuav kom ntxoov ntxoo-thaiv. Graceful fir yuav muaj nyob rau hauv sab qab teb-sab hnub tuaj cheeb tsam. Nws yog ib qho ornamental nroj tsuag nrog rau zoo nkauj conical yas.

Lam nroj tsuag, paj

Thaum lub zeem cia ntawm medicinal nroj tsuag twb pom: voskovik muaj muaj ib tug resinous tsw, thiab nettle ploskolistnaya. Nyob rau hauv Goltsova loj hlob cheeb tsam lub npe hu ua Rhodiola rosea, uas tseem hu ua lub Golden paus. Rue Thunberg, ib tug tsis tshua hom, loj hlob nyob rau hauv lub forests ntawm Erman. Muaj kuj yog ib tug ntxhov hmab, them nrog ntuj-xiav thiab liab doog paj. Lub marshes thiab pas dej pom zheltotsvetkovaya marigold floating. Goldthread trifoliate nrog dawb paj thiab tsaus ntsuab nplooj nyob rau ntawm ntxhuab bogs. Kaj paj nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam sib txawv ntawm roob tundra, pebbles, pob zeb, pob zeb kwj, peat bogs thiab swamps sawv qhov poppy nroj tsuag. Taum tawg paj rau qhib slopes cloves creeping. Muaj ntau yog cov nyob rau cia heather nroj tsuag uas sawv tawm rau lawv ci xim nyob rau hauv nws ntau qhov chaw. 4 hom violets yog tseem ntau, uas xim - los ntawm dawb mus rau xiav. Yuav pom ntawm cov berries blueberry thiab cranberry hav iav, cranberries me me thiab dog dig.

Tsuas yog ib hom ntawm cov willow ntoo mus txog ib qhov siab ntawm 25 meters. Qhov no Sakhalin willow. Qhov seem ntoo - lov tas vau.

Nws sawv siab nyob rau hauv Angelica bearish, uas nce mus txog ib qhov siab ntawm 2-3 meters. Milestones lom loj hlob ncaj qha rau hauv cov dej.

Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub Lily yog yus muaj los ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb kev zoo nkauj. Pom nyob rau hauv lub zeem cia Lily dub thiab liab doog, ntshav-liab thiab kaj dawb. Ntawm no koj yuav pom tau zoo nkauj nroj tsuag teej tug mus rau lub orchid tsev neeg. Piv txwv li, nyob rau sab qaum dej. Geyser twb pom ib tug tshwj xeeb paj. Nws spiranthes Suav. Nws inflorescence spirally twisted, muaj me me kaj liab paj.

Lub zeem cia yog cov tsis tshua muaj hom uas muaj npe nyob rau hauv lub Red Phau Ntawv, muaj yog: fir thiab elegant khau macranthon.

Tsiaj txhu uas nyob hauv lub cheeb tsam

Kronotsky cia fauna yog heev ntau haiv neeg, tsis tau ua tsis tau zoo rau tus so ntawm lub hom muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm Kamchatka. Qhov no yog vim nws qhov chaw nyob. Piv txwv li, lub amphibian fauna nyob rau hauv lub zeem cia sawv cev tsuas Siberian salamander. Yog tsis muaj cov tsiaj reptiles nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam.

Ib txhia hom muaj ib tug heev interesting keeb kwm ntawm allergic nyob rau hauv lub Kronotsky State Xwm Biosphere cia. Piv txwv li, ib tug me me dub ntoo thuv niam longhorn kab ntawd tau txais nyob ntawm no nrog ntoo. Nws tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Uzon rau shipping rov qab tis ntses nyoob hoom qav taub. Cov tis ntses yog siv raws li roj chaw nres tsheb mus ncig teb chaws.

noog

Kronotsky State Biosphere cia - ib cheeb tsam uas muaj cov 69 colonies ntawm seabirds. Predominate txaus Lund, pacific gull, nquab guillemot, cormorant Berin. Muaj no tseem nyob nrog ib tug ho qis tooj ntawm xws cov neeg sawv cev raws li glaucous-winged gull, ntau murre thiab Horned. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nthuav yog lub Lund. Qhov no noog yog xim av nyob rau hauv cov xim, medium-qhov loj qhov me nrog ib tug liab kaus ncauj, ntau flattened rau lub sab. Qab nws ob lub qhov muag yog dawb ntev plaub. Qhov no nthuav noog zes nyob rau hauv burrows uas nws digs rau hauv lub mos av nyob rau hauv lub saum ntawm pob zeb. Lub pob zeb kuj zes crows, swifts belopoyasnye, Steller lub hiav txwv dav dawb hau thiab mohonogy Konyukov.

Nyob rau hauv lub Kronotsky gulf nyob rau hauv Olga Bay, uas yeej tsis tau khov lawm, muaj 1.5 txhiab noog. Txaus predominant ntawm lawv: Pacific dub scoter, ntev-tailed os, Eider, dav-nosed scoter, harlequin os. Muaj ntau no raws li crows thiab gulls.

Marshy tundra pas dej nyob: red-necked grebe, liab-throated loon, sab qaum teb pintail, wigeon, teal, nuv-nosed kurpan, dub scoter, xiav-grey thiab dub-taws gulls. Nws nests nyob rau hauv me me xov tooj whooper os dej dawb, uas tau ua tsis tshua muaj.

Hiav txwv tom tsov ntxhuav thiab cov hiav txwv otters

Thaum dhaus Cape Kozlov nyob rau hauv 1942, muaj ntau tshaj li ib txhiab hiav txwv tom tsov ntxhuav, raws li zoo li ob peb puas ntau rau Western Cape. Tus xov tooj ntawm cov tsiaj hnub no tsuas yog 700 cov neeg. Lawv yuav mus rau tsawg hom, hiav txwv tom tsov ntxhuav muaj nyob rau hauv liab Phau Ntawv Russia. Lawv yog cov tam sim no nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb kev tiv thaiv.

Lub hiav txwv ntshuab yog haiv neeg inhabitants ntawm East Kamchatka, nws coasts. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19 cov pejxeem ntawm no tsiaj yog heev siab heev, tab sis nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 20th xyoo pua nws yog kiag li ploj mus. Tam sim no hiav txwv otters tau rov qab rau lawv tus kheej nyob rau hauv lub Kronotsky State Xwm Reserve. Lawv suav tsuas hais txog 120 cov tsiaj.

Ringed cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj thiab ntau cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj nyob hauv lub nqaum dej ntawm lub zeem cia. Lawv muab teev raws li endangered.

Loj cov tsiaj Kronotsky cia

Reindeer nyob rau hauv lowland nqaum sawb. Muaj yog predatory hma liab, wolverine, ermine. Nyob rau hauv Kamchatka, lub tsev mus rau kaj xim thiab loj loj hma liab. Nyob rau yagodnikovyh tundra nyob rau hauv lig Lub Xya hli ntuj, pub bears. Nyob nyob rau hauv lub chaw ntug hiav sawb ntawm Bighorn yaj uas pub muaj lov tas vau thiab grasses, algae pub rau ntawm ntug dej. Tus xov tooj uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Kamchatka reindeer yog tam sim no nyob ib tug ib qho tseem ceeb theem. Ib tug ntawm lub ntsiab hom phiaj yog los mus khaws nws restoration. Kamchatka Marmot - lwm cov neeg ntawm lub highlands, uas nyob rau hauv lub luv luv nyom chaw.

Hom nyob hauv kamennoberezovikah

Common ntawm cov hom uas nyob hauv lub kamennoberezovikah, nuthatch, Pukhlyak, Me Spotted Woodpecker, Grey-capped greenfinch, bullfinch, Yurok, pestrogrudaya thiab liab-breasted flycatcher, daj ntseg qhov ncauj tawm, liab-flanked bluetail lag ntseg thiab Cuckoo, capercaillie, peb-toed woodpecker. Ntawm no zes los ntawm txhom goshawk, hobby, hiav txwv eagles. Ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm lub neej Okhotsk kab civliv.

Sable, xim av dais

Txhom sawv sable, uas yog powered by voles, dawb partridge, me me passerines, Rowan txiv hmab txiv ntoo, blueberry thiab siksa, ntsias ntoo thuv ceev. Sables thaum uas txo tus nqi ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus pib tshaib plab thiab loj leeb nyob rau hauv nws quest. Tej zaum nws dhau mus ua ib tug loj loj tsiv teb tsaws mus rau lub cheeb tsam. Nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov zaub mov tsiaj thiaj li depleted nyob rau hauv xyoo tsis ntev los uas mus rau hauv lub zos, poob ntshai ntawm cov txiv neej, thiab nyob rau hauv lub thoob khib nyiab tab tom nrhiav rau ib tug noj mov. Kronotsky Biosphere cia - chaw uas zoo heev uas tus xim av dais kis. Nws yog txawv los ntawm lwm yam uas loj loj.

lwm yam tsiaj

Txiv ncauj tawm nyob rau hauv krupnostvolnyh lowland forests ntawm lub Kamchatka ceg av qab teb. Kronotsky cia inhabits kuj luav, inhabiting lub hav dej. Lawv zes nyob rau hauv larch grosbeak thiab tit. Muaj kuj yog zoo kawg dawb vog woodpecker thiab shrike-Shrike. Qhov no yog tib qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub zeem cia, qhov twg hauv lub neej ntawm cov protein.

ntses

Yuav luag bezrybny ntshiab ntws ntawm lub chaw uas zoo heev ua ntej lub loj heev salmon mus dhia. Qhov no txav - ib tug zoo nkauj lub xub ntiag, vim hais tias ib tug lossis loj tus naj npawb ntawm ntses, gleaming nyob rau hauv lub hnub, ua luam dej nyob rau hauv kiag li cov dej ntshiab. Nws attracts noog xws li goldeneye, harlequin os, ib tug loj thiab ntev-nosed mergansers, scaup.

Gopher thiab Marmot

Bering gopher nce mus txog siab tus xov tooj ntawm tus taw ntawm volcanic cones. Kamchatka marmots nyob rau hauv lub lava ntws.

Koom Koryak cia

Feem ntau cov tsis ntev los no, nyob rau hauv lub Plaub Hlis 2015, txuas mus rau lub Koryak Reserve Kronotsky. Yog li, lub tom kawg txhab rau ib thaj tsam. Nyob rau hauv lub Koryak Reserve Olyutorskii Penzhina thiab cov cheeb tsam ntawm thaj av ntawd. Nws yog tsim nyob rau hauv 1995 los tiv thaiv lub zes qhov chaw, lub davhlau thiab Waterfowl tag nrho cov ecosystems complex, nyob rau hauv lub North Kamchatka. Hav dej yog nws loj spawning thaj av rau salmon. Yog dim nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub zeem cia yog ib tug ntawm cov loj tshaj plaws coob nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab Peregrine ua liaj, cov kev tiv thaiv ntawm uas yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv ib tug thoob ntiaj teb.