Kev cai - yog dab tsi no? Hom kev cai thiab lawv yuav tsum

Kev cai yog PatientsÕ nyob rau hauv qhov thiab muaj nyob rau hauv Tsim, daim ntawv thov thiab tua ntawm yuav tsum tau yuav tsum tau rau marketable cov khoom, kev ntawm nws cov creation, cov kev pab, thiab cov neeg uas ua hauj lwm neeg ua hauj lwm, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv lub systematic kev luj xyuas ntawm kev ua raws cai yuav tsum tau.

Ib tug ntawm cov cuab yeej ntawm xws kev cai yog ib tug kev cai. Qhov no daim ntawv, uas txhais tau tias cov kev cai rau kev cai khoom. Cov yav tas yuav pab ntau hom ntawm cov khoom, vaj tse, lug, vaj tse, muaj dab ntau lawm, siv, cia, thauj, muag thiab recycling cov txheej txheem.

Siv thiab kev siv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv no yog yuav tsum tau.

Cai thiab kev tswj. Yog nws tau mus ua ke cov tswv yim?

Zoo tib yam tswv yim los sib tham tsis tau hu ua raws nraim. Tiam sis, tus kev cai - ib tug subspecies ntawm cov kev cai, muab tso rau pem hauv ntej tej yam xav tau uas tej zaum yuav muaj feem rau tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom los yog kev pab, raws li zoo li ib co zus tau tej lub sij hawm. Cov ntaub ntawv no kuj muaj ntsiab lus thiab terminology txhais cov ntsiab lus, piv cim, ntim, npav los yog labeling.

Kev cai: yog vim li cas yog nws tsim nyog?

Daim ntawv thov ntawm Kev Cai sib cav hauv qab no cov hom phiaj:

• Kev tiv thaiv ntawm kev noj qab nyob los yog lub neej ntawm cov pej xeem raws li ib tug tag nrho, cov cuab yeej ntawm lub cev thiab kev cai lij choj koom haum, raws li zoo raws li cov cuab yeej, cov tswv uas yog lub xeev los yog kiag cov tub ceev xwm. Ntxawg ntaub ntawv "dictates" cov kev cai ntawm lub ntau lawm, raws li zoo raws li lub ntau lawm, uas yog tau nyob rau hauv lub tso zis. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, nyob rau hauv Feem ntau, cov mob no yog coj tuaj ua ke thiab yog TekhStandart, qhia nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov qauv thiab ntsuas. Raws li kev cai, tag nrho cov qauv sau tawm nyob rau hauv nws, yog ib tug yuavtsum tau kawm uantej rau ntau tus lawm thiab tso tawm los ntawm cov khoom.
• Kev tiv thaiv ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, cov kev kho mob thiab lub neej muaj thiab fauna.
• Kev tiv thaiv ntawm kev txiav txim los ntawm producers uas yuav mislead cov neeg. Ntawm no, lub ntsiab hauj lwm ntawm kev cai - tshem tawm ntawm cov kev xaiv ntawm lub chaw tsim tshuaj paus lus qhia rau lub buyer, tsis tseeb. Qhov no saib kuas tsuas yog cov lus qhia. Lub ntsiab lub cuab tam nyob rau hauv qhov kev sib ntaus rau qhov tseeb - traceability.

khoom

kev cai khoom yog:

• khoom;
• cov txheej txheem ntawm cov khoom tsim, nws tso tawm, qhov kev siv tej hauj lwm, installation, commissioning, siv, cia, tsheb thauj mus los, muag thiab liquidation.

kev faib

Nyob rau cov qauv ntawm cov chaw uas yuav tsum tau:

• Yuav Tsum kev cai. Qhov no meej tshuaj uas yuav tsum tau rau cov khoom, uas yog muab tso rau pem hauv ntej raws li tej yam yam ntxwv.
• Siv cov kev cai. Qhia kom meej uas yuav tsum tau nyob rau hauv Feem ntau, nrog rau cov zoo tsis hais tias tuab ib tug los yog lwm yam khoom los yog cov txheej txheem ntawm nws cov creation.

Nyob ntawm seb raws li ntawm tshwm sim:

• Common kev cai. Tej zaum lawv yuav raug xa mus rau ntau kab rov tav. Tej xav tau no yog ua los rau sab pawg ntawm cov khoom nyob rau hauv relation mus yam txog txoj kev ruaj ntseg ntawm ntau hom: ib puag ncig, nuclear, moj, lom, hluav taws kub, EMC thiab lwm tus neeg.
• Tshwj xeeb. Qhov thib ob lub npe - ntsug. Tsim los rau cov neeg tej pab pawg ntawm cov khoom, uas yog peculiar rau ib tug uas muaj feem yuav raug mob nyob rau hauv excess ntawm txoj kev pheej hmoo coj mus rau hauv tus account nyob rau hauv lub dav dav kev cai.
• Makrootraslevye kev cai. Qhov no yog ib co kev cai uas muab dav dav thiab tshwj xeeb subspecies.

Cai ntawm kev pab

Cov khoom ntawm daim ntawv no yog cov cav tov thiab cov khoom siv.

Qhov no hom kev cai - ib tug txheej ntawm cov kev cai hais txog tus txij nkawm thiab kho ntawm cov khoom los xyuas kom meej ntau lawm, raws li tau zoo raws li ib tug neeg cov khoom los yog qhov chaw thaum lub sij hawm siv, cia thiab kev thauj mus los.

Cov ntawv no muaj tag nrho cov daim ntawv teev uas yuav tsum tau txij nkawm ua hauj lwm thiab kho vaj tse, qhia los ntawm lawv cov essence thiab ntsiab cai, txiav txim rau lub zaus ntawm ib lub lag luam. Lub complex ua hauj lwm yog tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv qhov thiab tej zaum yuav muaj xws li ib tug ntau yam ntawm kev ua nyob rau tus kwv ntawm cov kev cai.

Cov hom phiaj thiab phiaj

Tu lub sij hawm yog siv los mus tshem tawm cov khoom tsis ua hauj lwm. Noj qhov no mus rau tus account, yuav raug ua kom tiav cov nram qab no paub tab:

• periodic txij nkawm tshev tswj tus kwv;
• kev hloov ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub tswv yim npaj xwm, noj mus rau hauv tus account kev luv nqi ntawm cov nta;
• teem hloov ntawm lubricating, txias mixtures nrog orientation rau cov kev khiav hauj lwm lub sij hawm thiab tus mob ntawm cov khoom;
• kev siv ntawm kho ua hauj lwm npaj cov xwm, noj mus rau hauv tus account lub degree ntawm coj.

Tu lub sij hawm yuav lub systematic daim ntawv thov ntawm ib qho kev ntsuas tsom ntawm kev tswj cov khoom nyob rau hauv kev ua hauj lwm mob. Raws li statistics, qhov no txoj kev ntawm kev daws kev teeb meem kom lub siab tshaj plaws feem pua ntawm cov ntawv ntawm tus kwv uas tswj. Feature - tus nqi. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, cov txij nkawm uas cov kev cai qhia tau hais tias lub siab tshaj plaws nqi ntawm efficiency ntawm txij nkawm ua hauj lwm, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv lub kim tshaj plaws txoj kev uas yuav muaj cov khoom nyob rau hauv zoo mob, vim hais tias nws yuav tsis xav tau thaum lub sij hawm ntawm kev kho.

Kev cai rau kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cov vaj tse

Regulates cov kev cai yuav tsum tau ntsib los ntawm cov vaj tse thiab chaw: kev tsim kho, installation, lag luam thiab recycling dab. Nws yog lawv uas yog cov khoom ntawm daim ntawv.

cov ntsiab lus

Kev cai rau kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cov vaj tse - ib daim ntawm txoj cai, uas txhais tau tias cov minimalist, tab sis yuav tsum tau yuav tsum tau rau vaj tse thiab chaw, raws li zoo raws li cov kev cai hais txog cov chav kawm ntawm lawv ua hauj lwm rau tus tsim, kev tsim kho, installation, commissioning, siv thiab tshem tawm.

Daim ntawv uas yuav tsum tau muaj xws li:

• txhua yam muaj kev ruaj ntseg;
• hluav taws kub;
• kev nyab xeeb thaum lub sij hawm hauv chav kawm ntawm lub ntuj ua cim los ntawm cov txheej txheem nyob rau hauv ntau yam ntuj phenomena thiab tus txiv neej-ua raug nyiaj;
• kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov vaj tse thiab cov chaw rau cov neeg siv cov;
• VR ntawm vaj tse thiab lwm yam kev siv erection rau cov neeg muaj kev tsis taus;
• Zog efficiency Siv;
• ruaj ntseg ntawm cov kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev tsim kho tej yaam num nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam.

Kev Cai ntawm vaj tse thiab lug yuav tsum tau tag nrho siv nyob rau hauv qhov kev siv ntawm tej kev tsim kho ua hauj lwm thiab cov txheej txheem. Qhov no saib kuas nyiaj pab ntau tshaj kev ruaj ntseg.

Kev cai tsheb

Cov khoom no yog cov txhais tau tias rau lub zog ntawm lub log hom, nyob rau hauv pawg L, M, N, O, uas yog tsim rau cov tsav tsheb rau hauv txoj kev ntawm pej xeem siv, raws li tau zoo raws li lub zog ntawm tus chassis txhais tau tias.

Kev Cai ntawm lub log tsis them rau cov:

• Tshuab, lub siab tshaj plaws ceev uas yog tsawg tshaj li 25 km / h.
• Txhais tau hais tias rau lub zog, uas nws lub hom phiaj yog ua hauj lwm rau txoj kev uas tsis yog pej xeem.
• Machine uas tau raug mas mus rau hauv lub chaw uas zoo heev ntawm kev lis kev cai tsam Common Economic chaw rau lub sij hawm ntawm tsawg tshaj li rau lub hlis, kev kawm kom cov qhov kev lis kev cai tsoom fwv uas tsis muab cov tseem cais.
• Chav nyob rau ntaus pob ncaws pob txheej xwm.
• Faib teej tug mus rau pawg L thiab M1, uas tau muab tsawg kawg peb caug xyoo dhau los.
• Machine teej tug nyob rau hauv pawg M2, M3 thiab N, tsis npaj rau coj mus muag-hom neeg nrog caij thiab freight thauj, zus tau tej cov uas hnub rov qab mus rau lub 50-xyoo-laus cov tshuaj thiab tshaj. Lub cev muaj zog yuav tsum yog tseem cia nrog, raws li zoo raws li ib tug lub cev los yog tus ncej, yog tias muaj.
• Tsheb uas los ntawm diplomatic los yog consular thoob ntiaj teb cov koom haum, uas, nyob rau hauv lem, muaj tej yam immunities thiab cai nyob rau hauv raws li feem ntau pom tau hais tias tej ntsiab cai thiab kev cai ntawm lub xeev txoj cai.

cov ntsiab lus

Cov uas yuav tsum tau ntawm kev cai ntawm no hom ntawm kev ruaj ntseg, namely:

• Tiv thaiv kom txhob installation ntawm log M1 thiab N1 qeb ntawm cov yam ntxwv qhov chaw uas nws qhov ntev yuav obviously ua Vered hwm mus rau lub bumper kab. Txoj cai no tsis siv rau designs uas muab thawj cov khoom tog twg los tau soj ntsuam, gratings ntawm hlau uas mus txog tsib puas grams, yog siv raws li ib tug tiv thaiv accessory rau headlamps thiab avtoznaka pej xeem qhov teeb meem thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm nws fixation.
• Cov txiav npluav nyob rau kev siv ntawm ozone-depleting tshuaj nyob rau hauv lub tub yees thiab cua txias khoom rau cov tsheb. Muaj yog ib tug tshwj xeeb pom zoo daim ntawv teev cov xws teeb meem tshuaj uas ua tau kev lis kev cai Union Commission.
• Obligatory satellite navigation khoom "GLONASS" system, wheeled, uas yog muaj nyob rau hauv qeb M npaj rau kev siv rau kev ua lag luam, thiab nyob rau hauv qeb N, rau cov thauj ntawm yus cov khoom.
• Yuav tsum tau khoom kev saib xyuas pab kiag li lawm rau lub tsheb tswv hwm cov kev cai ntawm txoj kev zog, ua hauj lwm thiab so. Yuav tsum hais txog kev cai tsheb uas poob mus rau hauv qeb ntawm M2 thiab M3 (coj mus muag neeg nrog caij carriage), raws li zoo raws li N2 thiab N3 qeb (coj mus muag freight tsheb thauj mus los).
• Lavxias teb sab interface ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm pab kiag li lawm uas ua raws li ib qhov txuas ntawm cov neeg siv thiab cov hom electronic systems, muab kev txais tos qhov muag saib thiab lub suab ntaub ntawv, thiab configuring tus neeg tsav tsheb commands.
• Lub tsheb tsim yuav tsum xyuas kom meej npaum lag luam ntawm braking thiab kauj, muab zoo heev tuav thiab siab stability kev ua tau zoo, hluav taws kub kev nyab xeeb, ib tug saib xyuas ntawm qhov chaw outer rau tus neeg qab lub log, hluav taws xob kev nyab xeeb, zog efficiency, noj qhov chaw nyob ntawm cov tswj vaj huam sib luag. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub tshuab yuav tsum tau tsim nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug txoj kev uas nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov kev huam yuaj puas yam rau cov neeg ntawm lub tsheb twb tsis tshua ntau li ntau tau, thiab tseem muaj kev khiav teeb lag luam - yooj yim mus siv cuag.

Raws li kev cai yuav tsum muab txhua log tsheb chaw tsim tshuaj paus uas nws cov khoom poob rau lub ciaj uas muag ntawm lub teb chaws uas yog ib feem ntawm kev lis kev cai Union.

Hluav Taws Kub Regulations

Qhov no daim ntawv PatientsÕ theem, ua los ntawm cov kev cai nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm cov hluav taws kev ruaj ntseg.

Regulations txhais cov qauv ntawm cov hluav taws kev ruaj ntseg, nws qhia txog tus kev faib thiab terminology nyob rau hauv daim teb no.

Cov khoom ntawm kev cai muaj xws li: vaj tse, lug, kev tsim kho tej yaam num coj mus muag, tua hluav taws thiab kev lawm, cov khoom rau pej xeem siv.

cov ntsiab lus

Hluav Taws kev cai muab tso rau pem hauv ntej cov cai rau cov khoom uas muaj tus cwj pwm, hluav taws kev pab kiag li lawm, cov khoom rau pej xeem siv.

Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv no yog muaj thiab cov kev qhia ntawv nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm conformity kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov khoom, uas yog nyob rau hauv cov kev tiv thaiv thiab kev ruaj ntseg cov kev cai nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm hluav taws.

Kev cai ntawm kev lis kev cai Union

Nyob rau hauv lub Lavxias teb sab Federation, Belarus thiab Kazakhstan republics tsim ib tug unified system ntawm kev tswj. Cov me nyuam los tu ntawm xws kev cai yog koom nyob rau hauv kev lis kev cai Union Commission. Tom qab daim ntawv los rau hauv cov nyhuv, lub teb chaws qauv yog poob lawv cov tseem ceeb thiab cov nyhuv. Kev Cai ntawm kev lis kev cai Union - nws ua, uas yog muaj feem xyuam nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub teb chaws peb. Nws yog heev yooj yim los ntawm cov nyiaj txiag taw tes ntawm view.

Muaj yog ib tug hluas ntawv teev cov khoom uas hwm uas yog tsim thiab ntsia cov kev cai ntawm kev lis kev cai Union. Xws li ib tug daim ntawv teev muaj xws li:

• tsheb thiab cov cav tov;
• tsawg-voltage khoom;
• High-voltage ntaus ntawv;
• chav nyob rau tseeb lag luam yuav tsum gaseous roj hom;
• pab kiag li lawm kev khiav hauj lwm nyob rau hauv siab nyob rau hauv ib tug dhau heev npaum li cas;
• hlab ntsha uas muaj nyob rau hauv siab;
• khoom rau kev ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv heev cua;
• Kev lom zem khoom;
• elevators;
• thauj txhais tau tias kev tsiv ib wheeled-hom;
• tsheb laij;
• machine rau ua liaj ua teb ua hauj lwm;
• Khoom rau forestry;
• log tsheb;
• dov Tshuag railway thauj;
• dov Tshuag subway;
• teeb kev tsheb nqaj hlau tsheb, trams;
• hom ntawm maritime thauj;
• Malomerki tsev hais plaub;
• dej thauj nrog hom;
• tsev;
• lub tsev ntaub ntawv;
• infrastructure ntawm railway thauj thiab underground;
• txoj kev loj;
• pyrotechnics;
• explosives ;
• khoom ntawm lub teeb kev lag luam;
• cov khoom ua si;
• cov khoom rau cov me nyuam yaus thiab tub ntxhais hluas cov me nyuam;
• Cov khoom siv rau qhov kev kho mob ntawm cov me nyuam;
• glassware;
• perfumes thiab kev zoo nkauj khoom;
• qhov ncauj cov khoom;
• packing ntim;
• txhais tau tias rau tus kheej tiv thaiv;
• cov khoom hluav taws kev ruaj ntseg;
• kev kho mob pab kiag li lawm;
• zus tau tej cov kab mob thiab kev;
• rooj tog khoom;
• khoom ntawm tshuaj kev lag luam;
• detergents hluavtaws keeb kwm;
• tsev neeg tshuaj;
• kuab tshuaj thiab lacquer tshuaj;
• chiv;
• tshuaj rau kev tiv thaiv ntawm muaj;
• Roj av roj, diesel, roj rau ships reactive txiav txim xyaw, roj cub tawg hom;
• lubricants;
• dej meters (dej meters), roj, Thaum tshav kub kub, hluav taws xob;
• ntaus ntawv mus rau tus account rau cov dub kub, refined uas siv roj av;
• khoom noj khoom haus cov khoom;
• cawv;
• pub thiab additives;
• grain khoom;
• haus luam yeeb khoom;
• Riam phom rau kev ua si nawv los yog mus yos hav zoov lo lus uas peb, cov mos txwv rau nws;
• telecommunications pab kiag li lawm;
• thee khoom thiab thee nyob rau hauv nws cov purest daim ntawv.

Kev cai rau qhov kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cov khoom ntawm ib tug hom muaj cov yooj yim uas yuav tsum tau, uas yog yuam ua hauj lwm kom ua raws li txhua yam hauv lub Lavxias teb sab manufacturers, lub koom pheej ntawm Belarus thiab Kazakhstan. Txwv tsis pub lawv cov khoom tsuas tsis txhob sau lub lag luam. Manufactured khoom, raws li zoo raws li cov txheej txheem txuam nrog nws lawm, yuav tsum kom meej meej raws li cov Uniform muaj kab mob thiab epidemiological, tsis muaj kab mob, Veterinary thiab lwm yam tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov khoom nyob rau hauv lub unified daim ntawv teev, tas yuav tsum yauv mus ua ib tug tshwj xeeb kev soj ntsuam kom paub meej tias nws muaj kev ruaj ntseg thiab ua raws li nrog tag nrho cov uas yuav tsum tau.