Cov tsev neeg ntawm cereals: tus yam ntxwv nta ntawm lub txiv hmab txiv ntoo, cov neeg sawv cev

Rau hnub tim, muaj ntau tshaj 350,000 hom ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Ntawm cov Monocotyledones chav kawm ntawv tso nyiaj rau txog 60,000 hom. Ntxiv mus, qhov no hauv chav kawm ntawv muaj xws li ob tug ntawm cov feem ntau ntau rau hauv ib ncig ntawm vaj tse thiab nyiaj txiag tseem ceeb ntawm cov tsev neeg:

• Lily.
• tsev neeg ntawm cereals los yog Bluegrass.

Xav paub ntau ntxiv txog cov tsev neeg ntawm cereals.

taxonomy Machineries

Qhov chaw nyob rau hauv cov organic ntiaj teb no system ntawm no tsev neeg coj li nram qab no:

- Kingdom ntawm nroj tsuag.

- Subkingdom multicellular.

- Class of Monocotyledons.

- Tsev neeg ntawm cereals.

Tag nrho cov neeg ntawm tsev neeg no nyob ua ke hauv 900 yug. Tag nrho cov xov tooj ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm txog 11,000 hom. Nroj tsuag ntawm tsev neeg Gramineae tshwm sim ob grassland thiab kev cai muaj zoo ua liaj ua teb tseem ceeb.

Tej yam kev mob ntawm kev loj hlob thiab tis

Cereals tsev neeg occupies ib tug heev uas nws kim heev vaj tse vim hais tias ntawm nws cov unpretentiousness, ya raws thiab qhuav (tsis yog txhua txhua hom). Yog li ntawd, peb yuav hais tias lawv them ib zoo tag nrho lub teb chaws tsuas yog Antarctica thiab cov dej khov-them chaw.

Nws muab txoj cai rau to taub hais tias cov nroj tsuag ntawm tsev neeg Gramineae yog heev unpretentious mus rau lub loj hlob tej yam kev mob. Yog li ntawd, piv txwv li, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub tiaj nyom nyom (Timautes, Bluegrass, Bluegrass, cov vaj txiv, hluav taws kub, thiab lwm yam) ntsiag to tso phiv tej yam kev mob ntawm lub caij ntuj no thiab tshav kub ntawm lub caij ntuj sov.

Cultivated tib tsob nroj (rye, oats, hom qoob mog, mov) yog twb ntau demanding, txawm li cas los, thiab lawv yuav tau los ua ib tug haum loj amplitude hloov mus hloov los nyob rau hauv cov huab cua kub.

Yuav kom tshav ntuj yog cov tib nruab nrab, yuav luag tag nrho cov neeg sawv cev uas muaj xws li cov tsev neeg ntawm cereals. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm grasslands, steppes, pampas, savannah - accustomed mus rau lub rigors ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab nyeg hom muaj raug tu thiab kev kho mob ntawm tus txiv neej, yog li tseem xav tias nyiam thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm ntawm uas tsis muaj lub teeb.

General cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov tsev neeg

Cereals tsev neeg muaj xws li ob qho tib si txhua xyoo thiab biennial thiab perennial nroj tsuag feem ntau. Outwardly, lawv yuav tau zoo sib xws, raws li lawv muaj ib tug zoo li tus qauv ntawm tus kav thiab cov nplooj. Cov kav kuj muaj nws cov nta ntawm lub stems ntawm lwm yam nroj tsuag - nws yog kiag li npliag sab hauv thiab yog ib tug hollow raj, hu ua culms.

Ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm tsev neeg piav txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lawv economic txoj kev npaj: ib co nroj tsuag yog siv raws li fodder, lwm leej lwm tus rau cov zauv thiab grain thiab starch, thiab lwm tus neeg rau ib tug protein, thiab ib tug thib plaub nyob rau hauv lub hniav hom phiaj.

morphological nta

Sab nraud (morphological) tej yam tshwm sim ntawm tsev neeg uas muaj peev xwm yuav piav los ntawm ib tug ob peb cov ntsiab lus.

1. Qia culm (tshwj tsis yog rau pobkws thiab pas nrig), hollow sab hauv.
2. Zoo expressed internodes rau tus kav.
3. Ib txhia cov neeg sawv cev ntawm tus kav nyob rau hauv lub neej rau odrevesnevaet (xyoob).
4. Nplooj yooj yim, sessile, nrog ib tug qhia tau koj qhov chaw mos, yuav tsum vov lub kav.
5. Sheet daim ntawv elongated venation mus tib seem.
6. Qhov chaw ntawm daim ntawv daim hlau tom ntej no.
7. Lub hauv paus system yog fibrous hom, tej zaum underground rhizomes hloov tua.

Cov tsos mob muaj tag nrho cov neeg txoj kev ua rau tsev neeg ntawm cereals.

floral mis

Lub flowering nroj tsuag ntawm tsev neeg no yog heev unremarkable, raws li nws rau nws tus kheej-pollination los yog tus ntoo khaub lig-pollination. Yog li ntawd, txoj kev ua ib tug lossis loj kaj thiab fragrant paj nws ua rau tsis muaj kev txiav txim zoo. Lawv paj yog me me, daj, heev inconspicuous. Lawv sib sau ua ke nyob rau hauv Inflorescences ntawm ntau hom:

• compound ntsia hlau loj (nplej);
• cob (maize);
• panicle (plaub).

Lub paj yog tag nrho cov tib yam, cov mis yog lub paj ntawm lub tsev neeg Gramineae yog raws li nram no: + TSCH2 PL2 + T3 + P1. Qhov twg CN - floral teev, Pl - films T - Stamens, P - cov pistil.

Formula paj tsev neeg Machineries muab ib tug lub tswv yim ntshiab ntawm homeliness ntawm cov nroj tsuag nyob rau hauv lub flowering lub sij hawm, thiab yog li ntawd siv nyob rau hauv cov hniav hom phiaj yog tsis paj, thiab cov nplooj thiab stems.

txiv hmab txiv ntoo

Tom qab flowering tsim protein-nplua nuj thiab cov hmoov txhuv nplej txiv hmab txiv ntoo. Nws yog tib yam nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov neeg sawv cev, cov mej zeej ntawm lub tsev neeg ntawm cereals. Cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo yog hu ua ib tug weevil. Tseeb, feem ntau ntawm cov neeg nyob deb ntawm biology, lub sij hawm "cereals" paub nws tus kheej, thiab nws yog txuam nrog grain cov qoob loo, hu ua grain.

Txawm li cas los, tsis tau tsuas yog cov cultivated nroj tsuag Cereals tsev neeg muaj cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo, tab sis kuj lub tiaj nyom. Cov nplej yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv cov vitamins, gluten, protein, starch.

cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Machineries

Raws li hais saum toj no, tag nrho, muaj txog 11,000 nroj tsuag, sib sau ua ib tsev neeg ntawm cereals. Lawv cov neeg sawv cev muaj nyob ntawm cov tsiaj qus thiab cultivated nroj tsuag tsiaj.

Tsiaj qus cov neeg sawv cev:

• Timautes;
• urchin;
• hluav taws kub;
• plaub;
• Wheatgrass;
• xyoob;
• Wheatgrass;
• fescue;
• qus oats;
• foxtail thiab lwm tus neeg.

Feem ntau cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov tsiaj qus Machineries - nws yog ib lub inhabitants ntawm lub steppes, meadows, hav zoov thiab savannas.

Cultivated nroj tsuag hais tias ua li lub tsev neeg ntawm cereals, txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntawm lawv daim ntawv no nyob rau hauv tus ntawm txawv tej yam kev mob. Uas yog vim li cas, kom tau dlej zoo grain, muaj ntau yam ntawm tus neeg sawv cev ntawm lub Machineries muab rau hauv ib lub tsev ntawm kab lis kev cai, uas yog nqa tawm rau tu. Cov muaj xws li:

• mov;
• rye;
• nplej;
• qab zib pas nrig;
• oats;
• pias;
• barley;
• sorghum;
• pob kws thiab lwm cov neeg.

Cultivated nroj tsuag yog ntawm kuj zoo kawg economic qhov tseem ceeb rau cov zaub mov thoob plaws lub teb chaws.

annuals

Rau txhua xyoo nroj tsuag yog cov uas dhau lub neej tag nrho cov voj voog nyob rau hauv ib tug loj hlob rau lub caij. Hais tias yog tag nrho cov yooj yim kev ntawm lub neej - txoj kev loj hlob, flowering, tu tub tu kiv, thiab kev tuag - yog stacked nyob rau hauv ib lub caij.

Rau ib tug txhua xyoo cog ntawm tsev neeg Gramineae pabneeg nyuaj. Lawv yog cov ua tau ib tug heev heev. Xav txog ob peb tug cov ntau heev thiab muaj coj mus muag tus nqi.

1. Pias. Cov nroj tsuag ntawm lub genus Pias yog ib tug cereal cov qoob loo par nrog rye, hom qoob mog thiab thiaj li nyob.
2. Durra los yog Dzhugarra. Tsis tas li ntawd fodder cog muaj cov loj tshaj plaws kis nyob rau hauv lub yav qab teb qhov chaw ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Yog tsis tau tsuas yog siv raws li ib tug cereal cov qoob loo, tab sis raws li hay thiab silage rau tsiaj pub.
3. Koster. Thoob plaws cog ntawm tsev neeg Gramineae, uas yog feem ntau txais thiab ntshai raws li ib tug nroj tsuag. Nws hlob nyob rau hauv tej av, undemanding mus sov thiab noo noo, yuav ua tau rau ib tug ntev lub sij hawm tsis muaj tshav ntuj. Yog tsuas yog siv rau tsiaj noj haus, nws cov nyiaj txiag pab tsis tau.
4. Pob kws. Ib qho ntawm feem ntau ua liaj ua teb cov qoob loo nyob rau hauv ntau lub teb chaws. Los ntawm cov tau pob kws cov roj, hmoov, nplej lawv tus kheej siv ncaj qha hau.
5. Foxtail. Herbaceous nroj teej tug mus rau ob qho tib si ib tug txhua xyoo thiab ib tug perennial cov ntaub ntawv. Lub ntsiab muaj nqis - lub tsim ntawm cov nyom cover on meadows (dej nyab). Nws yog siv los pub tsiaj.
6. Panic. South ua liaj ua teb txhua xyoo cov qoob loo uas yog zus tsis tsuas yog rau cov tsiaj pub, tab sis kuj raws li ib tug khoom noj khoom haus cog rau qhov tseem ceeb grain. Thermophilic thiab photophilous tsis loj hlob nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws ntawm Russia.
7. Bluegrass. Muaj ntau ntau hom ntawm no genus, tab sis lawv yog cov tag nrho yog tiaj nras los yog tiaj nyom grasses, uas muaj coj mus muag tus nqi raws li ib tug tsiaj txhu pub.
8. Millet. Nws muaj xws li ib tug ntau yam ntawm tsiaj. Ntawm tag nrho cov ntau yam nyob rau Russia xwb 6 hom, ib co kev uas yog siv rau cov hniav hom phiaj. Qhov thib ob yog ib feem yog siv los tsim noj grain rau tsiaj pub.

perennials

Feem ntau cov nroj tsuag yog perennial tsev neeg. Hais tias yog, lawv lub neej voj voog no yog ua los ntawm ob peb lub caij (loj hlob lub caij). Lawv yog cov tau ciaj sia phiv tej yam kev mob ntawm lub caij ntuj no lub sij tsis poob ntawm cov nqi. Muaj ntau ntawm lawv tsim ib tsev neeg ntawm cereals. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov nroj tsuag yog heev thoob plaws. Xav txog ib txhia, lub tseem ceeb tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm nyiaj txiag cov neeg sawv cev.

1. Nplej. Feem ntau ntawm cov cheeb tsam nyob ntawm lub ntiaj teb cov qoob loo, uas muaj nuj nqis nws noj grain tshuaj.
2. Wheatgrass. Muaj coob tus neeg paub nws raws li ib tug txaus ntshai tshaj maj. Txawm li cas los, qhov no yog tsis nws tsuas muaj nqis. Qhov no nroj tsuag yog ib tug tseem ceeb khoom noj khoom haus qhov twg los rau tsiaj noj haus.
3. Daim duab. Heev tseem ceeb qoob loo, nplej yog tsis inferior nyob rau hauv tus nqi thiab tus nqi noj haus ntawm grain. Nws yog cultivated nyob rau hauv lub Eastern qhov chaw ntawm lub ntiaj teb no.
4. Rye. Ib qho ntawm feem nrov cereal tom qab nplej thiab nplej. Ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov nroj tsuag uas zus nyob rau hauv Russia. Cov zaub mov muaj nqis ntawm grain ntawm ib theem siab.
5. Kab tsib. Nws birthplace - Is Nrias teb, Brazil thiab Cuba. Lub ntsiab tus nqi noj haus ntawm no kab lis kev cai - qhov no zus tau tej cov qab zib.

Cov qoob loo Machineries

Rau ua liaj ua teb cov qoob loo nroj tsuag ntawm tsev neeg no muaj xws li, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau saum toj, ntau sorghum. Qhov no nroj tsuag muaj tag nrho cov hallmarks of Cereal tsev neeg, thiab kuj muaj nqi grain. Nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws, sorghum yog zus tsis vim hais tias nws yog heev thaum tshav kub kub-hlub nroj tsuag. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv teb chaws Africa, Australia, South America yog ib tug zoo heev zaub mov qoob loo.

Lis sorghum as mus rau hauv cov hmoov nplej thiab lub qia thiab nplooj mus rau pub tsiaj txhu. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, los ntawm cov nplooj thiab stems ua rooj tog, fiab ib tug zoo nkauj sab hauv.

Barley kuj yuav ntaus nqi mus rau tus tseem ceeb s / cov qoob loo. Qhov no nroj tsuag tsis yuav tsum tau tshwj xeeb tej yam kev mob rau txoj kev loj hlob, yog li yooj yim cultivated nyob rau hauv ntau lub teb chaws. Lub ntsiab muaj nqis ntawm lub grain mus rau hauv brewing, uas tau txais lub hlaws barley thiab barley groats, thiab yog siv los pub tsiaj.

Tsis tas li ntawd barley infusions yog ib qho tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tshuaj thiab pej xeem cov (txhais tau tias los ntawm lub siab thiab mob huam).

Cov zaub mov muaj nqis ntawm cereal nplej

Yog vim li cas thiaj tseem ceeb heev thiab dav siv nplej cov neeg sawv cev constituting lub tsev neeg ntawm cereals? Yam ntxwv grain qauv yuav pab kom to taub nws.

Firstly, tag nrho cov cereal nplej muaj protein, cia li tus xov tooj ntawm nws cov neeg sawv cev nyob rau hauv sib txawv yog hom twg. Qhov siab tshaj plaws cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov protein gluten mog ntau ntau yam yog suav hais tias.

Secondly, cereal nplej muaj starch, thiab chaw pib muaj txaus tus nqi noj haus thiab muaj peev xwm tsim tau hmoov.

Thirdly, xws li ib tug kab lis kev cai, xws li mov, muaj ib tug ntau ntawm cov vitamins ntawm txawv pab pawg, uas ua rau nws txawm pab tau ntau.

Nws yog pom tseeb hais tias tag nrho kev siv ntawm cereals khoom siv rau lub cev nrog ib tug txheej ntawm tag nrho cov hnub necessities agents. Yog vim li cas lawv thiaj li nrov thoob plaws lub ntiaj teb no.