Anna Akhmatova: lub neej thiab ua hauj lwm. Akhmatova: lub ntsiab tswv yim ntawm creativity

Anna Akhmatova, uas nws lub neej thiab hauj lwm uas peb yuav qhia rau koj - yog tus cwj mem lub npe uas kos npe rau nws cov kwv huam AA Gorenko. Qhov no kws sau paj lug yug nyob rau hauv 1889, 11 (23) ntawm lub rau hli ntuj, nyob ze Odessa. Nws tsev neeg sai tsiv mus rau Tsarskoye selo, qhov twg mus txog 16 xyoo nyob Akhmatova. Creation (luv luv) ntawm no kws sau paj lug yuav tsum tau nthuav tawm tom qab lub biography. Thawj tau ntsib nrog rau cov neej Anny Gorenko.

Early xyoo

Early xyoo twb tsis rosy rau Anny Andreevny. Nws niam nws txiv phua li nyob rau hauv 1905. Cov niam raug coj mus rau Yevpatoria ntxhais txom nyem los ntawm tus kab mob ntsws. Ntawm no rau cov thawj lub sij hawm ntsib nrog ib tug lub neej ntawm cov nyiaj txawv teb chaws thiab dirtiest lub zos "qus ntxhais". Nws kuj tau ntsib ib tug hlub ua yeeb yam, sim ua yus tua yus.

Kev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv Kiev thiab chav ua si Tsarskoselskaya

Early hluas hais tias cov kws sau paj lug twb muab cov kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv Kiev thiab Tsarskoselskaya chav ua si. Qhov kawg cov chav kawm ntawv yog nyob rau hauv Kiev. Tom qab hais tias, lub neej yav tom ntej kws sau paj lug kawm kev cai lij choj nyob rau hauv Kiev, thiab Philology nyob rau ntawm St. Petersburg, nyob rau hauv University rau cov poj niam. Nyob rau hauv Kiev, nws kawm Latin, uas tso cai rau tom qab kawm lub Italian lus dawb do, mus nyeem Dante nyob rau hauv tus thawj. Tab sis Akhmatova rau kev cai lij choj yam poob kev txaus siab tsis ntev, ces nws tau mus rau St. Petersburg thiab txuas ntxiv kev cob qhia rau keeb kwm thiab kev sau ntawv kawm.

Thawj kwv huam thiab publishing

Tus thawj nqe uas tseem hnov tej yam Derzhavin, sau los ntawm ib tug hluas schoolgirl Gorenko thaum nws cia li 11 xyoo. Nyob rau hauv 1907 nws nyob tus thawj ntawv.

Nyob rau hauv 1910, los ntawm lawv cov heev thaum pib, Akhmatova tsis tu ncua pib yuav tsum luam tawm nyob rau hauv Moscow thiab St. Petersburg txhua hnub. Thaum tsim "Kav Poets" (1911), ib tug txawj koom haum, nws ua nws txoj hauj lwm ntawm tus Secretary.

Kev sib yuav, ib tug mus txawv tebchaws los cov teb chaws Europe

Akhmatova nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm xyoo 1910 rau 1918 txiv rau NS Gumilyov, kuj paub Lavxias teb sab paj huam. Nrog nws nws twb tau ntsib thaum kawm nyob rau hauv Tsarskoye selo tsev kawm ntawv. Tom qab ntawd Akhmatova ua ib tug mus txawv tebchaws los Paris nyob rau hauv 1910-1912 xyoo, qhov uas nws ua phooj ywg nrog Amedeo Modigliani, ib tug Italian artist uas tsim nws portrait. Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, nws tau mus xyuas Ltalis.

Cov tsos ntawm Akhmatova

Nikolay Gumilev tswvcuab nws tus poj niam rau cov zajlus thiab artistic chaw, nyob qhov twg lub npe lawm mas nws thaum ntxov tseem ceeb. Tsis tsuas yog poetic yam Anny Andreevny los ua nrov, tab sis kuj nws cov tsos. Akhmatova ntaus contemporaries majesty, regal. Nws muab tokens raws li huab tais. Sab nraum saib ntawm lub kws sau paj lug tshwm sim tsis tau tsuas yog Modigliani, tab sis kuj los ntawm kev ntxias xws li K. Petrov-Vodkin, A. Altman, Z. Serebryakov, A. Tyshler, N. Tyrsa A. Danko (hauv qab no pib ua hauj lwm ntawm Petrov-Vodkin) .

Tus thawj sau los ntawm cov kwv huam, thiab cov me nyuam yug ntawm tus tub

Nyob rau hauv 1912, ib thaj av rau cov kws sau paj lug, tshwm sim nyob rau hauv nws lub neej, ob yam tseem ceeb. Luam tawm thawj sau los ntawm cov kwv huam Anny Andreevny hu ua "Hmo ntuj", uas cim nws ua hauj lwm. Akhmatova kuj yug tau ib tug tub, lub neej yav tom ntej historian, Gumilyov Lev Nikolaevich - ib tug tseem ceeb tshwm sim nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej lub neej.

Muaj nyob rau hauv thawj sau los ntawm cov kwv huam los ntawm cov dluab ntawm yas siv nyob rau hauv lawv cov ntshiab ntawm muaj pes tsawg leeg. Lawv yuam Lavxias teb sab critics hais tias nyob rau hauv cov paj huam, ib tug tshiab txuj ci. Txawm hais tias "cov xib fwb" muaj xws li masters Akhmatova Symbolist li BLOK thiab I. F. Annensky, nws cov paj huam twb ntaus nqi los ntawm cov nyuam raws li ib tug Acmeist. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, ua ke nrog O. E. Mandelshtamom thiab N. S. Gumilevym kws sau paj lug nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 1910 tus, yog tus tub ntxhais ntawm no tuaj ib lub sij hawm ntawm ib tug tshiab qauv nyob rau hauv cov paj huam.

Cov tom ntej no ob collections, qhov kev txiav txim nyob rau hauv Russia

Kuv ua raws li cov thawj sau thiab lub thib ob phau ntawv yog hu ua "Rosary" (xyoo 1914), thiab peb xyoos tom qab, nyob rau hauv lub Cuaj Hli Ntuj 1917, yog ib tug sau ntawm "Dawb Pab", peb nyob rau hauv nws cov hauj lwm. Lub kaum hli ntuj kiv puag ncig twb tsis yuam cov kws sau paj lug rau txawv teb chaws, txawm tias lub sij hawm no, pib ib tug loj mus txawv teb chaws. Zog ntawm Guj kuj tso tseg ib tug tom qab lwm tus neeg nyob ze Akhmatova: A. Lurie, Antrep B. thiab O. Glebova-Studeykina, nws tus phooj ywg ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas. Txawm li cas los, cov kws sau paj lug txiav txim siab los nyob twj ywm nyob rau hauv lub "kev txhaum" thiab "lag ntseg" Russia. Ib tug txiav txim zoo ntawm lub luag hauj lwm rau nws lub teb chaws, ties rau lub teb chaws thiab lub Lavxias teb sab lus muaj sim hawm caij nyoog Annu Andreevnu nkag mus rau hauv kev sib tham nrog nws tau txiav txim siab mus rau tawm. Rau ntau xyoo, cov neeg uas sab laug Russia, txuas ntxiv mus nrhiav pov thawj nws mus txawv teb chaws mus Akhmatova. Nrog nws cav, nyob rau hauv particular, R. Hull, tig mus rau Anne Andreevne B. Franck thiab G. Adamovich.

Nyuaj lub sij hawm rau Anny Andreevny Ahmatovoy

Nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm, nws lub neej hloov dramatically, reflecting nws cov creation. Akhmatova tau ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov tsev qiv ntawv ntawm lub koom haum ntawm Agronomy, nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 1920 los tswj kom luam tawm ob tug ntau collections ntawm cov kwv huam. Cov no yog cov "Plantain", tso tawm nyob rau hauv 1921, thiab "Anno Domini" (nyob rau hauv txhais lus - "Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo ntawm tus Tswv", tso tawm nyob rau hauv 1922). Tau 18 xyoo tom qab uas cov xovxwm tsis tshwm nws tej hauj lwm. Ntau yam yog vim li cas rau qhov no nyob ua ib ke: nyob rau hauv ib tes, qhov no shooting NS Gumilyov, ex-txiv, uas twb liam ntawm kev koom tes nyob rau hauv ib tug kev koom tes tiv thaiv lub kiv puag ncig; nyob rau lwm yam - tau cov rejection uas creativity kws sau paj lug Soviet thuam. Akhmatova ntau thaum lub sij hawm no es silence twb koom nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm Aleksandra Sergeevicha Pushkina.

pom Optina

Hloov koj "lub suab" thiab "thiab nyeem tau" Akhmatova txuas nrog rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm 1920, nrog ib tug mus ntsib nyob rau hauv 1922, nyob rau hauv Tej zaum, Optina thiab sib tham nrog Txwj Laug nectar. Tej zaum, qhov kev sib tham yog tau pab los ntawm lub kws sau paj lug. Akhmatova yog niam kinship nrog A. Motovilov yog worldly novice Serafima Sarovskogo. Nws coj down los ntawm tiam ntawm kev txhiv dim lub tswv yim ntawm kev txi.

thib ob sib yuav

Txoj hmoo ntawm Akhmatova puas tau kuj mob nrog tus cwm pwm ntawm V. Shileiko, uas tau los ua nws ob tus txiv. Nws yog tus paub txog-orientalist, uas twb muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub kab lis kev cai ntawm cov ancient lub teb chaws xws li Babylon, Assyria, tim lyiv teb chaws. Tej lub neej nrog rau qhov no tsis paub pab nyob rau hauv ib tug lub neej thiab oppressive neeg tsis ua hauj lwm, tab sis nws cov cawv ntaus nqi mus rau kws sau paj lug nyob rau hauv nws cov hauj lwm nce loo philosophical sau ntawv.

Lub neej thiab hauj lwm nyob rau hauv 1940

Sau nyob rau hauv lub title "Ntawm lub rau phau ntawv" yuav tshwm sim nyob rau hauv 1940. Nws rov qab rau ib tug luv luv lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub niaj hnub ntaub ntawv ntawm lub sij hawm ib tug kws sau paj lug, Anna Akhmatova. Lub neej thiab nws kev ua hauj lwm ntawm lub sij hawm no yog heev txaus ntshai. Akhmatova pom nyob rau hauv Leningrad The Great Patriotic ua tsov ua rog. Nws twb evacuated los ntawm muaj Tashkent. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv 1944 lub kws sau paj lug rov qab mus rau Leningrad. Nyob rau hauv 1946, raug ua tsis ncaj ncees thiab hnyav thuam, nws tau raug tshem tawm los ntawm lub Writers 'Union.

Rov qab mus rau Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv

Tom qab qhov kev tshwm sim tom ntej no xyoo caum nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm lub kws sau paj lug sau tseg tsuas yog hais tias lub sij hawm no koom nyob rau hauv kev sau ntawv txhais lus Anna Akhmatova. Creativity ntawm nws cov Soviet tsoom fwv yog tsis xav. L. N. Gumilev, nws tus tub, ua hauj lwm thaum lub sij hawm lub txim nyob rau hauv khwv camp raws li ib tug nom tswv txhaum. Rov qab mus rau Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv, paj huam Akhmatova coj qhov chaw xwb nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm cov 1950 tus. Txij li thaum 1958 lub collections ntawm lub lyrics ntawm lub kws sau paj lug ib zaug rov qab pib yuav tsum luam tawm. Tau ua tiav nyob rau hauv 1962, "Paj Huam Tsis muaj ib tug Hero," twb tau ua rau 22 xyoo. Anna Akhmatova tuag nyob rau hauv 1966, nyob rau 5 Lub peb hlis ntuj. Poet faus nyob ze St. Petersburg, nyob rau hauv Komarovo. Ntxa nws yog hais hauv qab no.

Acmeism nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm Akhmatova

Akhmatova, uas nws ua hauj lwm tam sim no yog ib tug ntawm lub teb chaws paj huam saum, rau nws thawj phau ntawv ntawm cov kwv huam koom tom qab yog zoo nkauj txias, tsuas yog ib tug kab xwb los xaiv nws: "... tau qaug dej qaug cawv suab ntawm ib tug lub suab zoo xws li cov rau koj li." Mikhail Kuzmin, txawm li cas los, nws phau no sau tas nrog cov lus uas los rau peb cov tub ntxhais, tshiab kws sau paj lug, muaj tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav ua tiag tiag. Lom zem ntau txiav txim lub poetics ntawm "yav tsaus ntuj" theoretical kev pab cuam acmeism - tus tshiab qauv nyob rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem, uas feem ntau muaj xws li ib tug poetess Anna Akhmatova. Nws qhia cov creativity ntawm ntau yam ntawm cov yam ntxwv nta ntawm no sib.

Photo muab rau hauv qab no tau ua nyob rau hauv 1925.

Acmeism sawv raws li ib tug tshuaj tiv thaiv rau cov excesses ntawm lub Symbolist style. Piv txwv li, hauv tsab xov xwm V. M. Zhirmunskogo paub txawj critic, hais txog kev ua hauj lwm ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm no sib yog muaj npe raws li nram no: "ua txhaum lub symbolism." Dalyam mystical thiab "purple worlds" lawv piv lub neej nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no, "no thiab tam sim no". Moral relativism thiab lub ntau yam ntaub ntawv ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv tau hloov los ntawm ib tug tshiab "qhov tseem ceeb khov kho pob zeb."

Lub ntsiab ntawm txoj kev hlub nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm lub kws sau paj lug

Akhmatova tuaj mus rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, nws cov thawj peb lub hlis twg, nrog cov tus tsoos ntsiab lus rau lub ntiaj teb no lyrics - lub ntsiab ntawm txoj kev hlub. Txawm li cas los, nws daws nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm lub kws sau paj lug yog fundamentally tshiab. Akhmatova lub paj huam deb ntawm sentimental hais txog poj niam paj huam, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19 los ntawm xws li npe raws li Carolina Pavlova, Yulia Yulia Zhadovskaya, Mirra Lokhvitskaya. Lawv yog cov nyob deb kuj los ntawm lub "tagnrho", paub daws teeb lyricism cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev hlub paj huam ntawm lub Symbolists. Nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim, nws cia siab rau kev lom zem ntau rau Lavxias teb sab lyrics thiab prose ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, Akhmatova. Creativity nws twb groundbreaking. O. E. Mandelshtam, piv txwv li, sau hais tias cov lyrics coj cov complexity ntawm Lavxias teb sab tshiab ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, Akhmatova. Ib tug sau ntawv nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm nws yuav yog mus pib nrog no thesis.

Nyob rau hauv lub "thaum yav tsaus ntuj" no coj tuaj nyob rau hauv txawv guises amorous kev xav, tab sis lub heroine tau yeej ib txwm tau muab tso tseg, ntxeev siab rau, kev txom nyem. Chukovsky wrote txog nws, uas tus thawj los nrhiav tau tias yog leej twg hlub - ib tug poetic, nws yog Akhmatova (sau ntawv nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm nws, "Akhmatova thiab Mayakovsky", tsim los ntawm tib lub sau, tau zoo heev pab rau nws cov kev tsim txom thaum lub verses ntawm tus kws sau paj lug tsis tsum luam tawm). Lub unrequited hlub pom qhov uas creativity es foom tsis zoo. Peb qhov chaw ntawm tus sau los yog hu ua, ntsig txog, "Hlub", "Deception" thiab "Muse". Taus femininity thiab elegance ua ke nyob rau hauv lub lyrics Akhmatova nrog nws lub siab tawv qhawv txais kev txom nyem. Ntawm 46 kwv huam muaj nyob rau hauv no sau, yuav luag ib nrab twb mob siab rau parting thiab kev tuag. Qhov no yog tsis muaj kev huam yuaj. Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm xyoo 1910 rau 1912 kws sau paj lug muaj ib tug txiav txim zoo kratkodnevnosti, nws muaj ib tug presentiment ntawm txoj kev tuag. By 1912, ob tug ntawm nws cov muam tuag ntawm tuberculosis, li ntawd, Anna Gorenko (Akhmatova, uas nws lub neej thiab hauj lwm uas peb xav) ntseeg hais tias cov tib txoj hmoo los raug nws. Txawm li cas los, nws tsis yog txhua yam, nyob rau hauv sib piv rau lub Symbolists, sib cais thiab kev tuag nrog txoj kev xav ntawm hopelessness, anguish. Qhov no mus ob peb vas muab ntxiv rau qhov kev paub ntawm lub ntiaj teb no ntawm kev zoo nkauj.

Raws li nyob rau hauv phau ntawv "Hmo ntuj" thiab thaum kawg coj zoo ua ntej nyob rau hauv lub "FINE", ces "Dawb pob" lub txawv nta ntawm cov style ntawm tus kws sau paj lug.

Lub motives ntawm conscience thiab nco

Historicity yog heev intimate lyricism Anny Andreevny. Twb tau nyob rau hauv lub "ntshiab" thiab "thaum yav tsaus ntuj" nrog lub ntsiab ntawm txoj kev hlub, muaj ob tug lwm lub ntsiab vim li cas - peb lub siab thiab nco.

"Fateful lub sij hawm", uas yog cim los ntawm domestic keeb kwm (uas pib nyob rau hauv 1914, lub ntiaj teb ua ntej ua tsov ua rog), coincided nrog ib tug nyuaj lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm lub kws sau paj lug. Nws qhib nyob rau hauv 1915, tus kab mob ntsws, nws tsev neeg raws roj ntsha kab mob.

"Pushkinizm" Akhmatova

Ntxiv tej lub motives ntawm conscience thiab nco nyob rau hauv lub "Dawb yaj", tom qab uas nws ua hauj lwm yog predominating. Poetic style ntawm lub kws sau paj lug nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 1915-1917 yog evolving. Qhia criticized hais ib hom ntawm "pushkinizm" Akhmatova. Nws essence yog artistic tiav, neeg kev qhia. Nws kuj sau tseg rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm "citationality txheej" muaj ntau yam yob hu thiab allusions ob contemporaries thiab predecessors nrog: O. E. Mandelshtamom, B. L. Pasternakom, AA BLOK. Tag nrho cov sab ntsuj plig wealth ntawm peb lub teb chaws kab lis kev cai yog qab Akhmatova, thiab nws rightly paub tias nws txais.

Subject teb nyob rau hauv Akhmatova tej hauj lwm, txog rau lub kiv puag ncig

Yuav tsis tab sis cuam tshuam rau lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm tus ua txoj txheej xwm nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm lub kws sau paj lug. Akhmatova, uas nws lub neej thiab ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ib tug yooj yim lub sij hawm rau peb lub teb chaws, txais lub kiv puag ncig ntawm 1917 lub xyoo raws li ib tug teeb meem. Cov laus lub teb chaws, nyob rau hauv nws lub tswv yim, yog tsis muaj ntau. Subject teb nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm Akhmatova sawv cev, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv phau ntawv "Anno Domini". Cov seem yuav qhib qhov no tuaj tawm nyob rau hauv 1922, tus sau no yog hu ua "Tom qab tag nrho cov". epigraph kab raug coj mus rau tag nrho phau ntawv "nyob rau hauv cov neeg xav tsis thoob xyoo ..." F. I. Tyutcheva. Teb koj chaw yog tsis muaj ntev dua rau lub kws sau paj lug ...

Txawm li cas los Akhmatova kiv puag ncig - nws kuj yog ib tug payback rau lub neej dhau los ntawm txoj kev txhaum, kev sib pauj xwb. Cia lub lyrical heroine thiab tsis tsim nws tus kheej lub siab phem, nws xav tias yog muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub dav dav txoj kev txhaum, yog li Akhmatova npaj txhij mus muab cov nyuaj feem ntawm lawv cov neeg. Teb koj chaw nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm Akhmatova yuav tsum coj li mus txhiv nws tus kheej.

Txawm lub npe ntawm phau ntawv txhais raws li "Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo ntawm tus Tswv", nws hais tias tus kws sau paj lug pom raws li Vajtswv lub siab nyiam nws muaj hnub nyoog. Cov kev siv ntawm cov keeb kwm parallels thiab biblical motifs yuav ib tug ntawm cov kev nkag siab txog kev kos duab yog tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Russia. Lawv yog nce resorting Akhmatova (piv txwv li, cov paj huam "Cleopatra," "Dante", "phau Vajlugkub verses").

Cov lyrics ntawm no kuj zoo kawg kws sau paj lug, "Kuv" nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm no yuav "peb". Akhmatova hais lus sawv cev ntawm "ntau." Txhua teev, tsis tsuas yog ntawm tus kws sau paj lug, tab sis kuj nws contemporaries, nws yuav tsum tau kev txaus cai los ntawm lo lus ntawm lub kws sau paj lug.

Cov no yog cov ntsiab tswv yim ntawm creativity Akhmatova, raws li nyob mus ib txhis, thiab nws yog raug rau lub era ntawm lub neej ntawm cov kws sau paj lug. Nws yog feem ntau yog muab piv rau lwm - nrog Marina Tsvetaeva. Ob qho no yog hnub no lub canons ntawm hais txog poj niam paj huam. Txawm li cas los, tsis tau tsuas yog nws muaj ib tug ntau nyob rau hauv ntau, tab sis raws nyob rau hauv ntau lub respects creativity Akhmatova thiab Tsvetaeva. Tus sau ntawm cov ntawv no feem ntau hais kom cov menyuam kawm ntawv sau ntawv. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, nws yog nthuav kom xav txog vim li cas nws yog suab tsis yooj yim sua yam ib zaj paj huam sau los ntawm Akhmatova, nrog tej hauj lwm uas tsim los ntawm Tsvetaeva. Tab sis hais tias yog lwm lub npe ...