Ancient crafts ntawm Russia. Yuav ua li cas khoom siv tes ua tsim nyob rau hauv lub Kievan Rus?

Ancient crafts ntawm Russia - ib tug ntawm cov ncej uas rests tus thawj kab lis kev cai ntawm peb lub teb chaws. Nws cov keeb kwm lawv yuav nyob rau hauv ib tug txheej thaum ub haiv neeg, thaum tag nrho cov kev ua ub no twb collective, thiab cov cuab yeej - lub feem ntau yooj yim. Txawm li cas los, txawm nyob rau hauv hais tias lub sij hawm peb pog koob yawg koob tau peculiar rau hauv tus caum qab ntawm kev zoo nkauj. Tsim koom tes ua ke siv thiab tsev neeg cov khoom tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog ornaments, nws muab ib tug tshwj xeeb daim ntawv no. Raws li txoj cai, tag nrho, raws li ib tug yuav hais tias tam sim no, hniav ntsiab muaj tej yam yees siv zog: guarded, attracts hmoov zoo. Eastern Slavs twb zoo xws li cov nyob rau hauv no hwm mus rau lwm yam pab pawg neeg. Distinguished qub khoom siv tes ua ntawm Russia tshwj xeeb cov hom kev kawm thiab cov hau kev, thawj caijnyoog. By lub sij hawm ntawm lub Kievan lub xeev, peb pog koob yawg koob tau masters ntawm ntau ntau yam ntawm crafts.

Kws ntaus hlau - craftsman thiab txawj ua yees siv

Nyob rau dab tsi ancient khoom siv tes ua nyob rau hauv Russia nyiam ib tug tshwj xeeb Honor, nws tsis yog yooj yim to taub heev heev tales, legends thiab paj lug. Feem ntau nyob rau hauv cov dab neeg nrhiav tau ib tug kws ntaus hlau, yog ua tus hero ntawm lub txuj ci tseem ceeb rab ntaj, feem ntau nws yog endowed nrog tej yam yees siv powers thiab muaj tswvyim.

Hlau ua nyob rau hauv Russia yog tseeb ib tug ntawm cov feem ntau sought-tom qab kev txawj ntse. Nws yog ib tug ntawm cov thawj sawv raws li ywj siab profession. Smith Revered thiab respected, thiab cov hlau mas suav hais tias oberezhnym khoom muaj peev xwm ntawm nrog rau txoj kev kho mob thiab ib tug respectful cwj pwm ntawm nws los tiv thaiv nws tus tswv, tsis tsuas yog los ntawm kev phem neeg, tab sis kuj los ntawm kev phem rog.

Cov kev loj hlob ntawm handicrafts nyob rau hauv Kievan Rus mus txog startling heights: peb pog koob yawg koob twb paub yuav luag tag nrho cov niaj hnub hom hlau. Feem ntau cov feem ntau nws yog siv forging, filigree, dub, casting thiab stamping.

ilv kos duab

Tshwj xeeb mention tsim nyog ntawm hniav nyiaj hniav kub siab. Nws tseem yog nyob rau hauv Russia mus txog theem heights. Lub nyiam txheej txheem twb raug hu filigree (filigree), mobile, raws li zoo raws li grain thiab txha hniav laus (txha hniav laus). Creation ntawm masters ntawm Kievan Rus thiab tom qab ntawd tej zaum staggering. Piv txwv li, tus txha hniav laus yog zoo li ib tug mosaic qauv li ua tib zoo sau tawm, uas nyob rau hauv lub ob lub qhov muag nraim cim yuav tau pom qhov tsaus ntuj nti tub kawm ntawv thiab ib tug kaj dawb. Tsim zoo xws li cov duab los ntawm daim uas dawb lias iav. Lawv qws txob thiab tov nrog ib tug me ntsis dej. Cov uas ua loj yog lawm ua tus sau nrog cov ntsiab lus ntawm lawv cov khoom thiab ces ci ob peb lub sij hawm. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm txha hniav laus fused nrog cov hlau.

Nws yog xim hlau lace thiab tshuaj tsuag

Filigree tracery yog ib tug qhia txog yam tshiab ntawm finest kub los yog nyiaj hlau. Nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem no ua ntau yam ornaments, hniav nyiaj hniav kub thawv thiab ib co lwm yam khoom hauv tsev. Filigree muab lawv tshwj xeeb lightness thiab airiness. Yog tsis muaj exaggeration, cov khoom no yuav hu ua los ntawm ib tug metallic lace.

Lis kuj yog ib feem ntawm lub dai kom zoo ntawm ntau yam khoom. Nws ntsia zoo li me me rau sprinkled nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw kho kom zoo nkauj. Tawm kev craftsmen tsis paub ib thaj tsam: hlaws dai thickness yog feem ntau tsis muaj ntau tshaj li 0.4 hli.

Tus number case yog ib tug silver hlau nrog sulfur. Nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua khoom ntawm hniav nyiaj hniav kub rau ib tug hlau workpiece scratched qauv. Ces sau nws nrog dub thiab tag nrho cov raug xa mus rau ci. Nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm kub alloys kev cob cog rua, kos tau sau nrog sulfur thiab nyiaj sib tov. Tom qab tus tswv tau tsuas yog kom tshem tawm ruaj feem ntawm lub mob. Yog xav tau cov khoom txawv txawv noble hlau gloss thiab ib tug matte nto qauv.

Ua hauj lwm nrog av nplaum

Qhov thib ob lub sij hawm tom qab lub tsos ntawm cov hlau kho mob nyob rau hauv Russia yog tais diav ntim chaws. Chiv, tais diav thiab lwm cov tais diav fashioned los ntawm txhais tes. Txawm li cas los crafts nyob rau hauv Russia tsim sai heev, thiab nyob rau hauv 9-10 centuries. Slavs twb siv cov potter lub log. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, tais diav ntim chaws kis thoob plaws hauv lub xeev. Tais diav ntim chaws ceased mus yuav ib tug rarity. Txhua yam ntawm cov khoom no tau tsim, ib yam dab tsi sib txawv ntawm cov tej hauj lwm ntawm lwm cov artisans. Wizards tuav, nyob rau hauv niaj hnub hais lus, lawv tus kheej style. Txawv yuav txheeb cov kev siv technology tshiab yam: qhov kub thiab lub firing lub sij hawm, cov av nplaum muaj pes tsawg leeg, - los yog décor: xim siv, tus yam ntxwv ntawm lub cev, ntau yam ntxiv decorating ntsiab.

Crafts nyob rau hauv Russia txij li thaum tus me nyuam ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv pib tsim raws li lub Orthodox canons. Potters, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus tsoos cov khoom ua si thiab cov tais diav, tau pib ua ntau yam khoom uas yuav tsum tau rau lub tsev teev ntuj, thiab cov vuas - hniav vuas, uas tau siv raws li kho kom zoo nkauj.

nyob cov ntaub ntawv uas

Cov ancient khoom siv tes ua ntawm Russia lub zog xav txog tej yam tsis muaj tus woodcarving. Nws kuj tshwm sim rau peb pog koob yawg koob ntev dhau los. Decorated nrog carving cov khoom ua si thiab tej rooj tog, lub tsev rooj tog thiab lub tsev. Ntoo yog suav tias yog sov, nyob khoom. Raws li ib tug hlau, nws muaj peev xwm los tiv thaiv, kom tawm ntawm cov teeb meem, ces tus ntoo cov khoom uas muaj tau ntsib nyob rau hauv lub ancient lub xeev qhov txhia chaw. Nws ua si ib tug lossis loj lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv no, thiab cov nyob rau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas. Ntoo ua tsev, ua distaff thiab ntxaiv, cov khoom ua si thiab tej me nyuam txaj, sledges thiab arcs. Txhua lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv Russia, nws twb kho nrog poj yawm. Master sim kom to taub txog tus ntsuj plig uas xa tuaj nrog nyob rau hauv ib daim txiag ntoo, thiab tsim txhua hnub los yog dawb huv kwv, qhib nws ntau li ntau tau, tsis muaj ntxiv ntau heev los ntawm koj tus kheej.

Feem ntau cov neeg txawj carvers xam tau tias yog Novgorod. Nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub ancient nroog tej lub sij hawm dhau los ib tug impressive monument ntawm cov ntoo architecture tau pom: lub txim kem, yos los ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th. Tag nrho ntev ntawm nws yog dai kom zoo nkauj nrog carvings, motifs uas yeej tsis rov qab.

tsis nco qab lawm hom kev kawm

Raws li yog feem ntau rooj plaub, nrog lub advent ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tshiab thiab yees obsolete paub thim mus rau hauv lub keeb kwm yav dhau, tej zaum kuj ua poob lawm, tej zaum nyob twj ywm xwb nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov uas tsis tshua muaj yam khoom tsis muab rhuav pov tseg ntawm lub sij hawm. Muaj ntau cov khoom siv tes Kievan Rus pluag nyob rau hauv no txoj kev. Piv txwv li, niaj hnub no, ob peb cov neeg paub hais tias cov ntoo carving, sawv rau Christian kev pab cuam, siv tsis tau tsuas yog los mus tsim sab hauv thiab sab nraud kom zoo nkauj ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj sab hauv. Masters ua iconostasis thiab Kyoto - nws yog zoo nkauj zoo-paub qhov tseeb. Poob lawm nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm Art ntoo icons. Nyob rau hauv cov creation ntawm dawb huv dluab siv woodcarving hnub no heev me ntsis yog paub.

Pob zeb Goldsmiths

Crafts nyob rau hauv Russia tau txuam nrog ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv muab faib nyob rau ib ncig ntawm Eastern Slavs kev sib hais haum. Dhau li cov neeg twb hais, tus tswv siv lub pob zeb. Cov khoom ua los ntawm nws yog tsis inferior nyob rau hauv lub elegance thiab kev zoo nkauj ntawm cov ntoo tsim yaam tshab. Pob zeb carving dai kom zoo nkauj vaj tse, feem ntau ua dawb limestone, slate los yog marble. Qee zaus nws tau ntsib nyob rau hauv me me kawm. Nyob rau hauv Russia, pob txha zuag ntsis plaub hau, thiab icons tau faib. Masters ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov creation ntawm me me dluab ntawm cov neeg ntseeg. Cov icons yuav tau npog nyob ib ncig ntawm lub caj dab, dai rau lub pluaj. Feem ntau, carving rau ntawm pob zeb vuas Nkij los txuam rau cov pawg ntseeg.

Txoj hauj lwm ntawm lub masters

Ancient crafts nyob rau hauv Russia muaj nuj nqis txawv. Lawv muab faib ua ob pawg. Los ntawm Revered ntshai hniav nyiaj hniav kub (goldsmithery), icon painting ua lag ua luam thiab ib ob peb lwm tus neeg. Ntawm cov "qias neeg" koom, xws li lauj kaub.

Nyob rau hauv feem ntau tus neeg mob, tus tswv ua hauj lwm rau txim. Craftsmen koom nyob rau tib lub sij hawm rau ntau strata ntawm cov haiv neeg. Nyob rau hauv lub zos koj yuav tau raws li Singles Masters. Lawv twb koom nyob rau hauv blacksmithing, hniav nyiaj hniav kub ua lag ua luam, embossed thiab iconography. Lub princes thiab boyars yards, av thiab av nyob nyob artisans thiab qhev. Ntau yam kev ntxias muaj nyob rau hauv lub monasteries.

Creation ntawm cov poj niam ob txhais tes

Nws yog nyob rau hauv lub monasteries feem ntau tsim xws ancient crafts ntawm Russia raws li xaws thiab weaving. Lawv yog ua los ntawm cov poj niam. Khoom masters ntawm uas lub sij hawm thiab hnub no amaze nrog nws kev zoo nkauj. Fabrics ua los ntawm hemp, flax los yog ntaub plaub. Lub ntau lawm txheej txheem tau ua yooj yim npaum li teeb meem tom qab cov tsos ntawm cov kab rov tav ntos. Nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub lem ntawm lub 12th thiab 13th centuries.

Common hom ntawm cov poj niam needlework twb patterned weaving: Xua, paj ntaub rau canvas, "txhob lo lo ntxhuav pyalichnoe ua lag ua luam" (Vshivkov nrog hoop) thiab thiaj li nyob. Masters dai kom zoo nkauj nrog rau ntau yam qauv ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj tais diav thiab tsev neeg cov khoom. Laus Lavxias teb sab paj ntaub tub txawj tub ntse feem ntau exported rau lwm lub teb chaws. Muaj tseem enjoyed universal admiration.

ib ntus poob

flowering lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm feem ntau yog los hloov ntau lub xyoo thiab tej zaum centuries ntawm lwj. Nws yog nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug lub xeev twb crafts ntawm Russia ntawm lub 14th xyoo pua, thaum lub sij hawm feem ntau lasting domination ntawm lub Mongol-Tatar khans. Muaj ntau masters tau tuag thaum lub sij hawm battles nyob rau hauv ib qho los mus tiv thaiv lawv txoj. Thaum lub sij hawm lub hav zoov nyob rau hauv Russia ntawm lub Mongol-Tatar quab yuav luag tag nres txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub hniav nyiaj hniav kub ua lag ua luam, ceased zus tau tej cov enamel, filigree thiab Granulation. Tsis pub tsawg cuam tshuam, thiab lwm yam crafts. Txawm li cas los, lub rooj txhawb siab ntawm thov kev kawm pib nyob rau hauv lub tom ntej no, lub xyoo pua 15th.

dua flourishing

Nruab nrab ntawm 15 thiab 17 xyoo pua yog ib lub sij hawm ntawm strengthening tus tshiab Lavxias teb sab xeev. Center ntawm lub tebchaws United principalities yog Moscow. Ancient crafts muaj nyob rau hauv Russia rau centuries, tau pib nce zog dua. Paub nrhiav puag ncig koj tus kheej nrog exquisite cov khoom, khoom kim heev thiab muaj nyiaj. Yuav kom lub tsev hais plaub ntawm tus tub huabtais, thiab ces tus huab tais, sau craftsmen koom nyob rau hauv cov pob zeb carving thiab woodwork, weaving thiab paj ntaub, hniav nyiaj hniav kub ua lag ua luam.

Kev loj hlob tau txais thiab khoom-nyiaj kev sib raug zoo. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm crafts nyob rau hauv Russia nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 16th tau ua ib tug loj qhov chaw ntawm cov nyiaj khwv tau rau lub inhabitants ntawm ntau lub zos. Maj mam tsim qhob arts and crafts. Lub hiob ntawm lawv yog sawv nyob rau hauv 16-17 centuries nyob rau hauv lub Trinity-Sergius Monastery. Ntawm no tus tswv koom nyob rau hauv woodcarving thiab cov pob txha, thiab tom qab ntawd sawv thiab qho khoom ua si ntses.

Ntiaj teb hnub qub

Tom qab lub xyoo pua 15th, khwb khuav pib tsim yuav luag tag nrho cov khoom siv tes ua nyob rau hauv Russia. Rau cov me nyuam tshwj xeeb tshaj yog paub ntawm lawv Khokhloma painting thiab Dymkovo cov khoom ua si. Cov hom uas kawm askiv thiab crafts, thiab niaj hnub no tseem nrov heev, tsis tsuas nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws tab sis kuj txawv teb chaws.

Khokhloma khoom siv tes ua enriched nyob rau hauv Russia xyoo pua 17th. Qhov no zoo ntawm painting siv los decorate ntau yam ntoo tais diav thiab rooj tog zaum. Khokhloma yog zoo coj los vim cov tsoos xim: liab, dub thiab ntsuab rau ib tug kub tom qab. Peb twb masters ntawm painting lawv secrets. Piv txwv li, rau tom qab nyob rau hauv cov ntoo yog tsis tso cov hmoov kub, thiab lub sib tov ntawm tin thiab nyiaj. Cov khoom no ces them nrog ib tug tshwj xeeb compound thiab ci nyob rau hauv qhov cub ob peb lub sij hawm. Yog li ntawd nws yog tau raws li qhov xav Golden xim av. Khokhloma painting yeej ib txwm kiag npog cov khoom nyob rau hauv ib tsob ntoo tsis muaj ntau npaum li cas.

Kaj thiab cim

Lwm nto moo kos duab khoom siv tes ua, originating thaj nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm no - nws Dymkovo qho khoom ua si. Nws lub npe nws tau txais nyob rau hauv lub qhov chaw ntawm keeb kwm. Kirov hais sib haum Dymkovo yog nto moo rau nws liab av nplaum. Nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no muaj yog tsis muaj cov khoom zoo li qhov kaj lug thiab zoo siab qho khoom ua si. Interestingly, lub ntau lawm technology yog yooj yim heev, thiab ib tug pej thuam hais tias koj xav, koj yuav ua tau koj tus kheej.

Crafts ntawm ancient Russia tsis nco qab lawm hnub no. Koj yuav txawm hais tias lawv yog ib lub tshiab rau theem ntawm kev loj hlob. Tshiaj paj nyob rau hauv pej xeem cov kev cai ntawm antiquity: kev ntseeg, costumes, kev lis kev cai, thiab arts and crafts. Crafts nquag kawm raws li qhov tsim nyog tshwj xeeb nyob rau hauv universities thiab nws tus kheej. Crafts nyiam niaj hnub no nyob rau hauv zoo kawg thov, tab sis vim hais tias cov tswv gladly tig mus rau lub txwm khoom siv tes ua. Lub tshuab nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no undergoes ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov kev hloov: siv cov tshiab compositions, xim, bases thiab kho, nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub - hluav taws xob khoom siv. Nyob rau lwm cov tes, nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub, ib txoj kev ua ib tug tag nrho tseem unchanged.

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias txoj kev tshawb ntawm cov nqe lus nug ntawm yog dab tsi zoo ntawm cov khoom siv tes tsim nyob rau hauv Russia, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom to taub cov thawj Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai, nws yuav pab tau xav tias tus ntsuj plig. Lub rooj txhawb siab ntawm kev txaus siab nyob rau hauv no lub npe qha qhov tseeb ntawm tej dab. Peb yuav hais tias qhov khoom siv tes ua nyob rau hauv Russia (duab ntawm cov khoom nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau yam ntawm sau tus Internet, tsuas qhia nws) yog tseem ciaj sia thiab mus txuas ntxiv tsim.